Question 1

Conservative treatment for MSK injuries - general

Accepted Answer

Question 2

Achilles tendinopathy

Accepted Answer

Question 3

Ankle sprain

Accepted Answer

Question 4

Gluteal tendinopathy

Accepted Answer

Barratt PA, Brookes N, Newson A. Conservative treatments for greater trochanteric pain syndrome: a systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2017;51:97-104.
Bremer, T., Nicklen, P., Fearon, A., & Morrissey, D. (2022). Management of gluteal tendinopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of all interventions. Physiotherapy, 114, e187-e188.
Clifford, C., et al. (2019). "Isometric versus isotonic exercise for greater trochanteric pain syndrome: a randomised controlled pilot study." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 5(1): e000558.
Disantis, Ashley E., and RobRoy L. Martin. "Classification Based Treatment of Greater Trochanteric Pain Syndrome (GTPS) with Integration of the Movement System." International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 17.3 (2022): 508.
Ebert, J. R., Edwards, P. K., Fick, D. P., & Janes, G. C. (2017). A systematic review of rehabilitation exercises to progressively load the gluteus medius. Journal of sport rehabilitation, 26(5), 418-436.
Fearon, A., Neeman, T., Smith, P., Scarvell, J., & Cook, J. (2017). Pain, not structural impairments may explain activity limitations in people with gluteal tendinopathy or hip osteoarthritis: a cross sectional study. Gait & Posture, 52, 237-243.
Grimaldi, A., & Fearon, A. (2015). Gluteal tendinopathy: integrating pathomechanics and clinical features in its management. journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy, 45(11), 910-922.
Grimaldi, A., Mellor, R., Hodges, P., Bennell, K., Wajswelner, H., & Vicenzino, B. (2015). Gluteal tendinopathy: a review of mechanisms, assessment and management. Sports Medicine, 45(8), 1107-1119.
Ladurner, A., Fitzpatrick, J., & O’Donnell, J. M. (2021). Treatment of Gluteal Tendinopathy: A Systematic Review and Stage-Adjusted Treatment Recommendation. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 9(7), 23259671211016850.
Lall, A. C., Schwarzman, G. R., Battaglia, M. R., Chen, S. L., Maldonado, D. R., & Domb, B. G. (2019). Greater trochanteric pain syndrome: an intraoperative endoscopic classification system with pearls to surgical techniques and rehabilitation protocols. Arthroscopy techniques , 8(8), e889-e903.
Mellor, Rebecca, Kim Bennell, Alison Grimaldi, Philippa Nicolson, Jessica Kasza, Paul Hodges, Henry Wajswelner, and Bill Vicenzino. "Education plus exercise versus corticosteroid injection use versus a wait and see approach on global outcome and pain from gluteal tendinopathy: prospective, single blinded, randomised clinical trial." bmj 361 (2018).
Nasser, A. M., Fearon, A. M., Grimaldi, A., Vicenzino, B., Mellor, R., Spencer, T., & Semciw, A. I. (2022). Outcome measures in the management of gluteal tendinopathy: a systematic review of their measurement properties. British Journal of Sports Medicine
Plinsinga, M. L., Coombes, B. K., Mellor, R., Nicolson, P., Grimaldi, A., Hodges, P., ... & Vicenzino, B. (2018). Psychological factors not strength deficits are associated with severity of gluteal tendinopathy: A cross‐sectional study. European Journal of Pain, 22(6), 1124-1133.
Ramon, S., Russo, S., Santoboni, F., Lucenteforte, G., Di Luise, C., de Unzurrunzaga, R., ... & Vulpiani, M. C. (2020). Focused shockwave treatment for greater trochanteric pain syndrome: a multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial. JBJS, 102(15), 1305-1311.

Question 5

High (proximal) hamstring tendinopathy

Accepted Answer

Goom, T. S., Malliaras, P., Reiman, M. P., & Purdam, C. R. (2016). Proximal hamstring tendinopathy: clinical aspects of assessment and management. journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy, 46(6), 483-493.
Lempainen, Lasse, Kristian Johansson, Ingo J. Banke, Juha Ranne, Keijo Mäkelä, Janne Sarimo, Pekka Niemi, and Sakari Orava. "Expert opinion: diagnosis and treatment of proximal hamstring tendinopathy." Muscles, ligaments and tendons journal 5, no. 1 (2015): 23.
Mattiussi, Gabriele, and Carlos Moreno. "Treatment of proximal hamstring tendinopathy-related sciatic nerve entrapment: presentation of an ultrasound-guided “Intratissue Percutaneous Electrolysis” application." Muscles, ligaments and tendons journal 6, no. 2 (2016): 248.
Nasser, Anthony Michael, Bill Vicenzino, Alison Grimaldi, Jay Anderson, and Adam Ivan Semciw. "Proximal hamstring tendinopathy: a systematic review of interventions." International journal of sports physical therapy 16, no. 2 (2021): 288.
Nasser, Anthony M., Tania Pizzari, Alison Grimaldi, Bill Vicenzino, Ebonie Rio, and Adam Ivan Semciw. "Proximal hamstring tendinopathy; expert physiotherapists’ perspectives on diagnosis, management and prevention." Physical Therapy in Sport 48 (2021): 67-75.
Dizon, Pilar, Michael Jeanfavre, Gretchen Leff, and Rachel Norton. "Comparison of conservative interventions for proximal hamstring tendinopathy: A systematic review and recommendations for rehabilitation." Sports 11, no. 3 (2023): 53.

Question 6

Iliotibial band syndrome

Accepted Answer

Aderem J, Louw QA. Biomechanical risk factors associated with iliotibial band syndrome in runners: a systematic review. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2015;16(1):356.
Alexander JLN, Culvenor AG, Johnston RRT, et al Strategies to prevent and manage running-related knee injuries: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials British Journal of Sports Medicine Published Online First: 23 September 2022. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-105553
Allen, D. J. (2014). "Treatment of distal iliotibial band syndrome in a long distance runner with gait re‐training emphasizing step rate manipulation." International journal of sports physical therapy 9(2): 222.
Balachandar, V., et al. (2019). "Iliotibial Band Friction Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis to evaluate lower-limb biomechanics and conservative treatment." Muscles, Ligaments & Tendons Journal (MLTJ) 9(2).
Barton, C. J., et al. (2016). "Running retraining to treat lower limb injuries: a mixed-methods study of current evidence synthesised with expert opinion." British Journal of Sports Medicine 50(9): 513-526.
Besomi Molina, Manuela. "Towards the investigation of the tensor fascia lata muscle and iliotibial band function in runners: the relevance of the why and the how." (2021).
Brukner P, Clarsen B, Cook J, Cools A, Crossley K, Hutchinson M, McCrory P, Bahr R, Khan K. eds. Brukner & Khan’s Clinical Sports Medicine: Injuries, Volume 1, 5e. McGraw Hill; 2017. Chapter 37 - Lateral Medial Posterior Knee pain
Dodelin, D., et al. (2018). "Reduction of Foot Overpronation to Improve Iliotibial Band Syndrome in Runners: A Case Series." Clin Res Foot Ankle 6(272): 2.
Friede, M. C., et al. (2021). "Conservative treatment of iliotibial band syndrome in runners: Are we targeting the right goals?" Physical Therapy in Sport.
McKay, J., et al. (2020). "Iliotibial band syndrome rehabilitation in female runners: a pilot randomized study." Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research 15(1): 188.
Miccio, S., et al. "Conservative Rehabilitation Treatments of Iliotibial Band Syndrome: A Systematic Review." Muscles, Ligaments & Tendons Journal (MLTJ) 11.1 (2021).
Narducci, Dusty Marie, et al. "Is There a Correlation Between Reported Knee Pain and Fluid at the Distal Insertion of the Iliotibial Band in Runners?." Cureus 14.8 (2022).
Robertz, Leon, et al. "EFFECT OF DOWNHILL RUNNING ON BIOMECHANICAL RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH ILIOTIBIAL BAND SYNDROME." ISBS Proceedings Archive 40.1 (2022): 595.
Willwacher, S., Kurz, M., Robbin, J., Thelen, M., Hamill, J., Kelly, L., & Mai, P. (2022). Running-Related Biomechanical Risk Factors for Overuse Injuries in Distance Runners: A Systematic Review Considering Injury Specificity and the Potentials for Future Research. Sports Medicine, 1-15.

Question 7

Injury prevention

Accepted Answer

Question 8

Lower back pain

Accepted Answer

Question 9

Meniscus tears - knee

Accepted Answer

Question 10

Muscle strains

Accepted Answer

Question 11

Outcome measures and research

Accepted Answer

Brouwers, M. C., et al. (2016). "The AGREE Reporting Checklist: a tool to improve reporting of clinical practice guidelines." BMJ 352: i1152.
de Morton, N. A. (2009). "The PEDro scale is a valid measure of the methodological quality of clinical trials: a demographic study." Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 55(2): 129-133.
Gehanno, J.-F., et al. (2013). "Is the coverage of Google Scholar enough to be used alone for systematic reviews." BMC medical informatics and decision making 13(1): 1-5.
Orduña Malea, E., et al. (2017). "Google Scholar as a source for scholarly evaluation: a bibliographic review of database errors." Revista española de documentación científica 40(4): 1-33.
Smith, V., et al. (2011). "Methodology in conducting a systematic review of systematic reviews of healthcare interventions." BMC medical research methodology 11(1): 1-6.
Valle, X., et al. "Muscle Injuries in Sports: A New Evidence-Informed and Expert Consensus-Based Classification with Clinical Application." assessment 31: 32.

Question 12

Patellar tendinopathy

Accepted Answer

Question 13

Patellofemoral pain

Accepted Answer

Barton, C. J., et al. (2015). "The ‘Best Practice Guide to Conservative Management of Patellofemoral Pain’: incorporating level 1 evidence with expert clinical reasoning." British journal of sports medicine 49(14): 923-934.
Brukner, P., Khan, K., & Brukner, P. (2018). Brukner & Khan's clinical sports medicine. Sydney: McGraw-Hill.
Collins, N. J., et al. (2018). "2018 Consensus statement on exercise therapy and physical interventions (orthoses, taping and manual therapy) to treat patellofemoral pain: recommendations from the 5th International Patellofemoral Pain Research Retreat, Gold Coast, Australia, 2017." Br J Sports Med 52(18): 1170-1178.
Crossley KM. Is patellofemoral osteoarthritis a common sequela of patellofemoral pain? Br J Sports Med. 2014 Mar;48(6):409-10. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093445. PMID: 24569144.
de Oliveira Silva, D., et al. (2020). "Patient education for patellofemoral pain: a systematic review." Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 50(7): 388-396.
Everhart, J. S., et al. (2017). "Treatment options for patellar tendinopathy: a systematic review." Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery 33(4): 861-872.
Lack, S., et al. (2015). "Proximal muscle rehabilitation is effective for patellofemoral pain: a systematic review with meta-analysis." British journal of sports medicine.
Lack, S., et al. (2018). "How to manage patellofemoral pain – Understanding the multifactorial nature and treatment options." Physical Therapy in Sport 32: 155-166.
Neal, B. S., et al. (2019). "Risk factors for patellofemoral pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis." British journal of sports medicine 53(5): 270-281.
Neal, B. S. (2019). The influence of lower limb biomechanics on the development, persistence and management of patellofemoral pain in recreational runners, Queen Mary University of London.
Papadopoulos, K., et al. (2015). "A Systematic Review of Reviews in Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome. Exploring the Risk Factors, Diagnostic Tests, Outcome Measurements and Exercise Treatment." The Open Sports Medicine Journal(9): 7-17.
Powers, C. M., et al. (2017). "Evidence-based framework for a pathomechanical model of patellofemoral pain: 2017 patellofemoral pain consensus statement from the 4th International Patellofemoral Pain Research Retreat, Manchester, UK: part 3." British journal of sports medicine 51(24): 1713-1723.
Saltychev, M., et al. (2018). "Effectiveness of conservative treatment for patellofemoral pain syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis." Journal of rehabilitation medicine 50(5): 393-401.
Santos, T. R., et al. (2015). "Effectiveness of hip muscle strengthening in patellofemoral pain syndrome patients: a systematic review." Brazilian journal of physical therapy 19(3): 167-176.
Van der Heijden, R. A., et al. (2015). "Exercise for treating patellofemoral pain syndrome. An abridged version of Cochrane systematic review." Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 52(1): 110-133.
Vora, M., et al. (2017). "Patellofemoral pain syndrome in female athletes: A review of diagnoses, etiology and treatment options." Orthopedic reviews 9(4).
Wallis, J. A., et al. (2021). "A Systematic Review of Clinical Practice Guidelines for Physical Therapist Management of Patellofemoral Pain." Physical Therapy 101(3): pzab021.
Winters, M., et al. (2021). "Comparative effectiveness of treatments for patellofemoral pain: a living systematic review with network meta-analysis." British journal of sports medicine 55(7): 369-377.

Question 14

Plantar fasciitis and heel spurs

Accepted Answer

Question 15

Postpartum training

Accepted Answer

Mihevc Edwards K . Considerations for the postpartum runner. Strength and Conditioning Journal 2020;42:45–52.
Chief Medical Officers. Department of health and social care-physical activity after childbirth guidelines UK.
Donnelly G , Brockwell E , Goom T . Ready, steady…GO! ensuring postnatal women are run-ready! Blog Br J sports Med, 2019.
Bø K , Nygaard EI . Is physical activity good or bad for the female pelvic floor? A narrative review. Sports Medicine 2019.
Donnelly G , Brockwell E , Goom T. Returning to running postnatal - guideline for medical, health and fitness professionals managing this population

Question 16

Quadriceps tendinopathy

Accepted Answer

King, D., et al. (2019). "Quadriceps tendinopathy: a review—part 1: epidemiology and diagnosis." Annals of translational medicine 7(4).
King, D., et al. (2019). "Quadriceps tendinopathy: a review, part 2—classification, prognosis, and treatment." Annals of translational medicine 7(4).
Sprague, A., et al. (2019). "Distinguishing quadriceps tendinopathy and patellar tendinopathy: semantics or significant?" Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 49(9): 627-630.
Kuwabara, Anne, and Michael Fredericson. "Narrative: review of anterior knee pain differential diagnosis (other than patellofemoral pain)." Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine 14.3 (2021): 232-238.
Alfredson, Håkan, Lorenzo Masci, and Christoph Spang. "Is There a Relationship Between Quadriceps Tendinopathy and Suprapatellar Plica? An Observational Case Series." International Medical Case Reports Journal 15 (2022): 81.
Mortada, M. A., L. I. Kotb, and Y. A. Amer. "Impact of ultrasonography detected quadriceps calcific tendinopathy on pain and function in patients with primary knee osteoarthritis." Reumatismo 73.2 (2021): 111-116.
In: Brukner P, Clarsen B, Cook J, Cools A, Crossley K, Hutchinson M, McCrory P, Bahr R, Khan K. eds. Brukner & Khan’s Clinical Sports Medicine: Injuries, Volume 1, 5e. McGraw Hill; 2017. Chapter 36 Anterior knee pain

Question 17

Shin splints (anterior shin pain)

Accepted Answer

Bonasia DE, Rosso F, Cottino U, Rossi R. Exercise-induced leg pain. Asia Pac J Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Technol. 2015 May 2;2(3):73-84.
Tucker, A. K. (2010). Chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the leg. Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine, 3(1), 32-37.
Tucker, A. K. (2010). Chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the leg. Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine, 3(1), 32-37.
Buerba, R. A., Fretes, N. F., Devana, S. K., & Beck, J. J. (2019). Chronic exertional compartment syndrome: current management strategies. Open access journal of sports medicine, 71-79.
Vogels, S., Ritchie, E. D., van der Burg, B. B., Scheltinga, M. R., Zimmermann, W. O., & Hoencamp, R. (2022). Clinical consensus on diagnosis and treatment of patients with chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the leg: a Delphi analysis. Sports Medicine, 52(12), 3055-3064.
Kaplan, S., Olivier, B., & Obiora, O. L. (2021). Effectiveness of surgical and non-surgical management strategies in patients with chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the anterior compartment of the leg: a systematic review protocol. JBI evidence synthesis, 19(11), 3198-3205.
Jensen, C. T., Stonerook, E., Andreski, A., Goldsmith, K., Vallejo, C. S., Tran, L. M., ... & Gillette, C. (2024). Diagnosis and Management of Lower Extremity Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome in the Active Adult Population. JBJS Journal of Orthopaedics for Physician Assistants, 12(1), e23.
Breen, D. T., Foster, J., Falvey, E., & Franklyn‐Miller, A. (2015). Gait re‐training to alleviate the symptoms of anterior exertional lower leg pain: a case series. International journal of sports physical therapy, 10(1), 85.
Gaudette, L. W., Bradach, M. M., de Souza Junior, J. R., Heiderscheit, B., Johnson, C. D., Posilkin, J., ... & Tenforde, A. S. (2022). Clinical application of gait retraining in the injured runner. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(21), 6497.
Barton, C. J., Bonanno, D. R., Carr, J., Neal, B. S., Malliaras, P., Franklyn-Miller, A., & Menz, H. B. (2016). Running retraining to treat lower limb injuries: a mixed-methods study of current evidence synthesised with expert opinion. British journal of sports medicine, 50(9), 513-526.

Question 18

Shin splints (medial tibial stress syndrome)

Accepted Answer

Alfayez, S. M., et al. (2017). "A review article of medial tibial stress syndrome." Journal of Musculoskeletal Surgery and Research 1(1): 2.
Capt Christopher J. Couture & Kristine A. Karlson (2002) Tibial Stress Injuries, The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 30:6, 29-36, DOI: 10.3810/psm.2002.06.337
Galbraith, R. Michael; Lavallee, Mark E. (7 October 2009). “Medial tibial stress syndrome: conservative treatment options”. Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine. 2 (3): 127–133. doi:10.1007/s12178-009-9055-6. ISSN 1935-973X. PMC 2848339. PMID 19809896.
Hamstra-Wright KL, Bliven KCH, Bay C. Risk factors for medial tibial stress syndrome in physically active individuals such as runners and military personnel: a systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2015;49:362-369.
Kuwabara, A., Dyrek, P., Olson, E.M. et al. Evidence-Based Management of Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome in Runners. Curr Phys Med Rehabil Rep9, 177–185 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40141-021-00326-3
Lohrer H, Malliaropoulos N, Korakakis V, Padhiar N. Exercise-induced leg pain in athletes: diagnostic, assessment, and management strategies. Phys Sportsmed. 2019 Feb;47(1):47-59. doi: 10.1080/00913847.2018.1537861. Epub 2018 Nov 5. PMID: 30345867
Lopes, A.D., Hespanhol, L.C., Yeung, S.S. et al. What are the Main Running-Related Musculoskeletal Injuries?. Sports Med 42, 891–905 (2012).
Menéndez, C., et al. (2020). "Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome in Novice and Recreational Runners: A Systematic Review." International journal of environmental research and public health 17(20): 7457.
Mendez-Rebolledo, G., Figueroa-Ureta, R., Moya-Mura, F., Guzmán-Muñoz, E., Ramirez-Campillo, R., & Lloyd, R. S. (2021). The protective effect of neuromuscular training on the medial tibial stress syndrome in youth female track-and-field athletes: A clinical trial and cohort study. Journal of sport rehabilitation, 30(7), 1019-1027.
Naderi, A., Bagheri, S., Ramazanian Ahoor, F., Moen, M. H., & Degens, H. (2022). Foot orthoses enhance the effectiveness of exercise, shockwave, and ice therapy in the management of medial tibial stress syndrome. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 32(3), e251-e260.
Patel, Deepak S.; Roth, Matt; Kapil, Neha (2011). “Stress fractures: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention” (PDF). American Family Physician. 83 (1): 39–46. PMID 21888126. S2CID 1736230. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 February 2019.
Reinking, M. F., et al. (2017). "Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome in Active Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Risk Factors." Sports health 9(3): 252-261.
Willwacher, S., Kurz, M., Robbin, J., Thelen, M., Hamill, J., Kelly, L., & Mai, P. (2022). Running-Related Biomechanical Risk Factors for Overuse Injuries in Distance Runners: A Systematic Review Considering Injury Specificity and the Potentials for Future Research. Sports Medicine, 1-15.
Winters, K. K., et al. (2014). "Treatment of medial tibial stress syndrome: A critical review." International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training 19(4): 27-31.

Question 19

Technology-enhanced treatment

Accepted Answer

Bäcker, H. C., et al. (2021). "App-based rehabilitation program after total knee arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial." Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery: 1-8.
Bunting, J., et al. (2020). "Digital interventions for promoting exercise adherence in chronic musculoskeletal pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis." Physiotherapy.
Irvine, A. B., et al. (2015). "Mobile-Web app to self-manage low back pain: randomized controlled trial." Journal of medical Internet research 17(1): e1.
Li, I., et al. (2020). "App-based supplemental exercise in rehabilitation, adherence, and effect on outcomes: a randomized controlled trial." Clinical Rehabilitation 34(8): 1083-1093.
Priebe, J. A., et al. (2020). "Digital Treatment of Back Pain versus Standard of Care: The Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial, Rise-uP." Journal of pain research 13: 1823.
Priebe, J. A., et al. (2020). "Less Pain, Better Sleep? The Effect of a Multidisciplinary Back Pain App on Sleep Quality in Individuals Suffering from Back Pain–a Secondary Analysis of App User Data." Journal of pain research 13: 1121.
Toelle, T. R., et al. (2019). "App-based multidisciplinary back pain treatment versus combined physiotherapy plus online education: a randomized controlled trial." NPJ digital medicine 2(1): 1-9.
Türkmen, E., et al. (2020). "Effectiveness of video-based rehabilitation program on pain, functionality, and quality of life in the treatment of rotator cuff tears: A randomized controlled trial." Journal of Hand Therapy 33(3): 288-295.

Question 20

Tendinopathy in general

Accepted Answer

Question 21

Tibialis posterior tendinopathy

Accepted Answer

Houck, J., Neville, C., Tome, J., & Flemister, A. (2015). Randomized controlled trial comparing orthosis augmented by either stretching or stretching and strengthening for stage II tibialis posterior tendon dysfunction. Foot & ankle international, 36(9), 1006-1016.
Kulig, K., Burnfield, J. M., Requejo, S. M., Sperry, M., & Terk, M. (2004). Selective activation of tibialis posterior: evaluation by magnetic resonance imaging. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 36(5), 862-867.
Kulig, K., Reischl, S. F., Pomrantz, A. B., Burnfield, J. M., Mais-Requejo, S., Thordarson, D. B., & Smith, R. W. (2009). Nonsurgical management of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction with orthoses and resistive exercise: a randomized controlled trial. Physical Therapy, 89(1), 26-37.
Milani, C., Vyas, K., & Malik, G. (2022). Evidence-Based Diagnosis and Treatments of Posterior Tibialis Tendinopathy. Current Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Reports, 10(4), 273-281.
Robinson, D., Mitchkash, M., Wasserman, L., & Tenforde, A. S. (2020). Nonsurgical approach in management of tibialis posterior tendinopathy with combined radial shockwave and foot core exercises: a case series. The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 59(5), 1058-1061.
Ross, M. H., Smith, M. D., Mellor, R., & Vicenzino, B. (2018). Exercise for posterior tibial tendon dysfunction: a systematic review of randomised clinical trials and clinical guidelines. BMJ open sport & exercise medicine, 4(1), e000430.

Question 22

Accepted Answer

Damsted, C., et al. (2018). "Is there evidence for an association between changes in training load and running-related injuries? A systematic review." International journal of sports physical therapy 13(6): 931.
Esteve-Lanao, J., San Juan, A. F., Earnest, C. P., Foster, C., & Lucia, A. (2005). How do endurance runners actually train? Relationship with competition performance. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 37(3), 496-504.
Esteve-Lanao, J., Foster, C., Seiler, S., & Lucia, A. (2007). Impact of training intensity distribution on performance in endurance athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 21(3), 943-949.
Filipas, L., Bonato, M., Gallo, G., Codella, R., & La Torre, A. (2021). Effects of 16 weeks of pyramidal and polarized training intensity distributions in well-trained endurance runners. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 31(9), 1745–1757.
Kenneally, M., Casado, A., & Santos-Concejero, J. (2018). The effect of periodization and training intensity distribution on middle-and long-distance running performance: a systematic review. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 13(9), 1114-1121.
Muñoz, I., Seiler, S., Bautista, J., España, J., Larumbe, E., & Esteve-Lanao, J. (2014). Does polarized training improve performance in recreational runners?. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 9(2), 265-272.
Neal, C. M., Hunter, A. M., Brennan, L., O'Sullivan, A., Hamilton, D. L., DeVito, G., & Galloway, S. D. (2013). Six weeks of a polarized training-intensity distribution leads to greater physiological and performance adaptations than a threshold model in trained cyclists. Journal of applied physiology.
Stöggl, T., & Sperlich, B. (2014). Polarized training has greater impact on key endurance variables than threshold, high intensity, or high volume training. Frontiers in physiology, 5, 33.
Zebis, Mette Kreutzfeldt, Jørgen Skotte, Christoffer H. Andersen, Peter Mortensen, Højland H. Petersen, Tine C. Viskær, Tanja L. Jensen, Jesper Bencke, and Lars L. Andersen. "Kettlebell swing targets semitendinosus and supine leg curl targets biceps femoris: an EMG study with rehabilitation implications." British journal of sports medicine 47, no. 18 (2013): 1192-1198.