Question 1

Conservative treatment for MSK injuries - general

Accepted Answer

Barton, C. J., et al. (2016). "Running retraining to treat lower limb injuries: a mixed-methods study of current evidence synthesised with expert opinion." British journal of sports medicine 50(9): 513-526.
Blanchard, S. and P. Glasgow "A theoretical model to describe progressions and regressions for exercise rehabilitation." Physical Therapy in Sport 15(3): 131-135.
Bulow A, Anderson JE, Leiter JRS, MacDonald PB, Peeler JD. Safety and Effectiveness of a Perturbation-based Neuromuscular Training Program on Dynamic Balance in Adolescent Females: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2021;16(4):1001-1015. Published 2021 Aug 1. doi:10.26603/001c.25685
Christensen, B., et al. (2011). “Effect of anti-inflammatory medication on the running-induced rise in patella tendon collagen synthesis in humans.” Journal of Applied Physiology 110(1): 137-141.
Collins NC. Is ice right? Does cryotherapy improve outcome for acute soft tissue injury?. Emerg Med J. 2008;25(2):65-68.
Cook, J. and S. Docking (2015). "“Rehabilitation will increase the ‘capacity’ of your …insert musculoskeletal tissue here….” Defining ‘tissue capacity’: a core concept for clinicians." British journal of sports medicine 49(23): 1484-1485.
Dunsky A. The Effect of Balance and Coordination Exercises on Quality of Life in Older Adults: A Mini-Review. Front Aging Neurosci. 2019;11:318. Published 2019 Nov 15. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2019.00318
DiStefano, Lindsay J1; Clark, Micheal A2; Padua, Darin A3 Evidence Supporting Balance Training in Healthy Individuals: A Systemic Review, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research: December 2009 – Volume 23 – Issue 9 – p 2718-2731 doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c1f7c5
Gutiérrez-Espinoza, H., et al. (2020). "Effect of supervised physiotherapy versus home exercise program in patients with subacromial impingement syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis." Physical Therapy in Sport 41: 34-42.
Halvarsson A, Dohrn IM, Ståhle A. Taking balance training for older adults one step further: the rationale for and a description of a proven balance training programme. Clin Rehabil. 2015;29(5):417-425. doi:10.1177/0269215514546770
Heitkamp HC, Horstmann T, Mayer F, Weller J, Dickhuth HH. Gain in strength and muscular balance after balance training. Int J Sports Med. 2001;22(4):285-290. doi:10.1055/s-2001-13819
Hohmann, E., et al. (2011). "Physiotherapy-guided versus home-based, unsupervised rehabilitation in isolated anterior cruciate injuries following surgical reconstruction." Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy 19(7): 1158-1167.
Irving, G., et al. (2017). "International variations in primary care physician consultation time: a systematic review of 67 countries." BMJ open 7(10): e017902.
Khoshnevis S, Craik NK, Diller KR. Cold-induced vasoconstriction may persist long after cooling ends: an evaluation of multiple cryotherapy units. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(9):2475-2483.
Kim, N. J., Yoo, K. T., An, H. J., Shin, H. J., Koo, J. P., Kim, B. K., … Choi, J. H. (2014, May 30). The Effects of Balance Exercise on an Unstable Platform and a Stable Platform on Static Balance. Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research. International Academy of Physical Therapy Research.
Kuo CC, Lin CC, Lee WJ, Huang WT. Comparing the antiswelling and analgesic effects of three different ice pack therapy durations: a randomized controlled trial on cases with soft tissue injuries. J Nurs Res. 2013;21(3):186-194.
Kwiecien SY, McHugh MP, Howatson G. Don’t Lose Your Cool With Cryotherapy: The Application of Phase Change Material for Prolonged Cooling in Athletic Recovery and Beyond. Front Sports Act Living. 2020;2:118. Published 2020 Oct 15.
Lin, I., et al. (2020). "What does best practice care for musculoskeletal pain look like? Eleven consistent recommendations from high-quality clinical practice guidelines: systematic review." British journal of sports medicine 54(2): 79-86.
Longo, U. G., et al. (2020). "Cost-Effectiveness of Supervised versus Unsupervised Rehabilitation for Rotator-Cuff Repair: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." International journal of environmental research and public health 17(8): 2852.
Meade, L. B., et al. (2019). "Behaviour change techniques associated with adherence to prescribed exercise in patients with persistent musculoskeletal pain: Systematic review." British journal of health psychology 24(1): 10-30.
Meeusen R, Lievens P. The use of cryotherapy in sports injuries. Sports Med. 1986;3(6):398-414.
Merrick MA. Secondary injury after musculoskeletal trauma: a review and update. J Athl Train. 2002;37(2):209-217.
Niemeijer, A., et al. (2020). "Adverse events of exercise therapy in randomised controlled trials: a systematic review and meta-analysis." British journal of sports medicine 54(18): 1073-1080.
Palmieri RM, Ingersoll CD, Hoffman MA, et al. Arthrogenic muscle response to a simulated ankle joint effusion. Br J Sports Med. 2004;38(1):26-30.
Paoloni, J. A., et al. (2009). “Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in sports medicine: guidelines for practical but sensible use.” British Journal of Sports Medicine 43(11): 863-865.
Sakamoto M. Effects of Physical Agents on Muscle Healing with a Focus on Animal Model Research. Phys Ther Res. 2021;24(1):1-8. Published 2021 Feb 24.
Sayers, S. P., et al. (1999). "Adverse events associated with eccentric exercise protocols: six case studies." Medicine and science in sports and exercise 31(12): 1697-1702.
Schäfer, A. G. M., et al. (2018). "The Efficacy of Electronic Health–Supported Home Exercise Interventions for Patients With Osteoarthritis of the Knee: Systematic Review." Journal of medical Internet research 20(4): e152.
Su, B. and J. P. O’Connor (2013). “NSAID therapy effects on healing of bone, tendon, and the enthesis.” Journal of Applied Physiology 115(6): 892-899.
Tseng CY, Lee JP, Tsai YS, et al. Topical cooling (icing) delays recovery from eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage. J Strength Cond Res. 2013;27(5):1354-1361.
Vieira Ramos G, Pinheiro CM, Messa SP, et al. Cryotherapy Reduces Inflammatory Response Without Altering Muscle Regeneration Process and Extracellular Matrix Remodeling of Rat Muscle. Sci Rep. 2016;6:18525. Published 2016 Jan 4.
Yamane M, Ohnishi N, Matsumoto T. Does Regular Post-exercise Cold Application Attenuate Trained Muscle Adaptation? Int J Sports Med. 2015;36(8):647-653.
Ying, J., et al. (2021). "Effects of Eccentric Exercise on Skeletal Muscle Injury: From An Ultrastructure Aspect: A Review." Physical Activity and Health 5(1).

Question 2

Achilles tendinopathy

Accepted Answer

Brar, K. K., Bhardwaj, P., & Prabu, R. G. (2021). The influence of lower limb plyometric and resistance training on the stiffness of Achilles and patellar tendons in recreational athletes. Biomedical Human Kinetics, 13(1), 56-62.
Chimenti, R. L., et al. (2017). "Current concepts review update: insertional Achilles tendinopathy." Foot & Ankle International 38(10): 1160-1169.
de Souza, R. V. and V. L. Araújo (2016). "The effect of eccentric training on tissue repair in individuals with Achilles tendinopathy: a literature review." Manual Therapy, Posturology & Rehabilitation Journal: 1-8.
Färnqvist, Kenneth, et al. "12 Identification of prognostic factors for patient outcomes during exercise intervention for achilles tendinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis." (2018): A5-A5.
Griffin, Colin, et al. "A criteria-based rehabilitation program for chronic mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial." BMC musculoskeletal disorders 22.1 (2021): 1-14.
Guss, D., et al. (2015). “Acute Achilles tendon rupture: A critical analysis review.” JBJS reviews 3(4).
Head, J., et al. (2019). "The efficacy of loading programmes for improving patient‐reported outcomes in chronic midportion Achilles tendinopathy: A systematic review." Musculoskeletal care 17(4): 283-299.
Jayaseelan, D. J., et al. (2019). "Eccentric exercise for Achilles tendinopathy: A narrative review and clinical decision-making considerations." Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 4(2): 34.
Mallows, Adrian, et al. "The association of working alliance, outcome expectation, adherence and self‐efficacy with clinical outcomes for Achilles tendinopathy: A feasibility cohort study (the MAP study)." Musculoskeletal Care 18.2 (2020): 169-176.
Martin, R. L., et al. (2018). "Achilles pain, stiffness, and muscle power deficits: midportion Achilles tendinopathy revision 2018: clinical practice guidelines linked to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health From the Orthopaedic Section of the American Physical Therapy Association." Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 48(5): A1-A38.
Murphy, M., et al. (2018). "Rate of improvement of pain and function in mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy with loading protocols: a systematic review and longitudinal meta-analysis." Sports medicine 48(8): 1875-1891.
Murphy, M. C., et al. (2019). "Efficacy of heavy eccentric calf training for treating mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis." British journal of sports medicine 53(17): 1070-1077.
Pavone, V., et al. (2019). "Conservative Treatment of Chronic Achilles Tendinopathy: A Systematic Review." Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 4(3): 46.
Rhim, H. C., et al. (2020). "Comparative efficacy and tolerability of nonsurgical therapies for the treatment of midportion Achilles tendinopathy: A systematic review with network meta-analysis." Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine 8(7): 2325967120930567.
Sancho, I., Morrissey, D., Willy, R. W., Barton, C., & Malliaras, P. (2019). Education and exercise supplemented by a pain-guided hopping intervention for male recreational runners with midportion Achilles tendinopathy: a single cohort feasibility study. Physical Therapy in Sport, 40, 107-116.
Singh, D. (2017). “Acute Achilles tendon rupture.” British Journal of Sports Medicine 51(15): 1158-1160.
Sussmilch-Leitch, S. P., et al. (2012). "Physical therapies for Achilles tendinopathy: systematic review and meta-analysis." Journal of foot and ankle research 5(1): 1-16.
Van Der Vlist, A. C., et al. (2021). "Which treatment is most effective for patients with Achilles tendinopathy? A living systematic review with network meta-analysis of 29 randomised controlled trials." British journal of sports medicine 55(5): 249-256.
Wiegerinck, J., et al. (2013). "Treatment for insertional Achilles tendinopathy: a systematic review." Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy 21(6): 1345-1355.
Wilson, F., et al. (2018). "Exercise, orthoses and splinting for treating Achilles tendinopathy: a systematic review with meta-analysis." British journal of sports medicine 52(24): 1564-1574.
Willwacher, S., Kurz, M., Robbin, J., Thelen, M., Hamill, J., Kelly, L., & Mai, P. (2022). Running-Related Biomechanical Risk Factors for Overuse Injuries in Distance Runners: A Systematic Review Considering Injury Specificity and the Potentials for Future Research. Sports Medicine, 1-15.
Zhi, X., et al. (2021). "Nonoperative treatment of insertional Achilles tendinopathy: a systematic review." Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research 16(1): 1-12.

Question 3

Ankle sprain

Accepted Answer

Aguilaniu, A., et al. (2021). "Current practice for safe return-to-play after lateral ankle sprain: A survey among French-speaking physicians." Foot and Ankle Surgery.
Anandacoomarasamy, A., and L. Barnsley. "Long term outcomes of inversion ankle injuries." British journal of sports medicine 39.3 (2005): e14-e14.
Bellows R, Wong CK. THE EFFECT OF BRACING AND BALANCE TRAINING ON ANKLE SPRAIN INCIDENCE AMONG ATHLETES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW WITH META-ANALYSIS. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2018 Jun;13(3):379-388. PMID: 30038824; PMCID: PMC6044595.
Bleakley, C. M., et al. (2019). "Rehabilitation exercises reduce reinjury post ankle sprain, but the content and parameters of an optimal exercise program have yet to be established: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 100(7): 1367-1375.
Delahunt, E., et al. (2018). "Clinical assessment of acute lateral ankle sprain injuries (ROAST): 2019 consensus statement and recommendations of the International Ankle Consortium." British Journal of Sports Medicine 52(20): 1304-1310.
Doherty, C., et al. (2017). "Treatment and prevention of acute and recurrent ankle sprain: an overview of systematic reviews with meta-analysis." British journal of sports medicine 51(2): 113-125.
Ferran NA, Maffulli N. Epidemiology of sprains of the lateral ankle ligament complex. Foot Ankle Clin. 2006 Sep;11(3):659-62. doi: 10.1016/j.fcl.2006.07.002. PMID: 16971255.
Gerber JP, Williams GN, Scoville CR, Arciero RA, Taylor DC. Persistent disability associated with ankle sprains: a prospective examination of an athletic population. Foot Ankle Int. 1998 Oct;19(10):653-60. doi: 10.1177/107110079801901002. PMID: 9801078.
Gribble, Phillip A., et al. "Evidence review for the 2016 International Ankle Consortium consensus statement on the prevalence, impact and long-term consequences of lateral ankle sprains." British Journal of Sports Medicine 50.24 (2016): 1496-1505.
Hale, S. A., et al. (2007). "The effect of a 4-week comprehensive rehabilitation program on postural control and lower extremity function in individuals with chronic ankle instability." Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 37(6): 303-311.
Halabchi F, Hassabi M. Acute ankle sprain in athletes: Clinical aspects and algorithmic approach. World J Orthop. 2020 Dec 18;11(12):534-558. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v11.i12.534. PMID: 33362991; PMCID: PMC7745493.
Herzog MM, Kerr ZY, Marshall SW, Wikstrom EA. Epidemiology of Ankle Sprains and Chronic Ankle Instability. J Athl Train. 2019 Jun;54(6):603-610. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-447-17. Epub 2019 May 28. PMID: 31135209; PMCID: PMC6602402.
Ismail, M. M., et al. (2010). "Plyometric training versus resistive exercises after acute lateral ankle sprain." Foot & Ankle International 31(6): 523-530.
Janssen, K. W., et al. (2014). "Bracing superior to neuromuscular training for the prevention of self-reported recurrent ankle sprains: a three-arm randomised controlled trial." British Journal of Sports Medicine 48(16): 1235-1239.
Janssen, K. W. (2018). "Infographic: Ankle sprain treatment and prevention timeline." British Journal of Sports Medicine 52(15): 953-954.
Kaminski, T., et al. (2003). "Effect of strength and proprioception training on eversion to inversion strength ratios in subjects with unilateral functional ankle instability." British Journal of Sports Medicine 37(5): 410-415.
Kerkhoffs GM, Struijs PA, Marti RK, Assendelft WJ, Blankevoort L, van Dijk CN. Different functional treatment strategies for acute lateral ankle ligament injuries in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002938. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002938. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;3:CD002938. PMID: 12137665.
Langarika-Rocafort, A., et al. (2017). "Intra-rater reliability and agreement of various methods of measurement to assess dorsiflexion in the Weight Bearing Dorsiflexion Lunge Test (WBLT) among female athletes." Physical Therapy in Sport 23: 37-44.
Loudon JK, Reiman MP, Sylvain J. The efficacy of manual joint mobilisation/manipulation in treatment of lateral ankle sprains: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2014 Mar;48(5):365-70. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092763. Epub 2013 Aug 26. PMID: 23980032.
Maeda N, Urabe Y, Tsutsumi S, et al. Effect of Semi-Rigid and Soft Ankle Braces on Static and Dynamic Postural Stability in Young Male Adults. J Sports Sci Med. 2016;15(2):352-357. Published 2016 May 23.
Martin RL, Davenport TE, Fraser JJ, Sawdon-Bea J, Carcia CR, Carroll LA, Kivlan BR, Carreira D. Ankle Stability and Movement Coordination Impairments: Lateral Ankle Ligament Sprains Revision 2021. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2021 Apr;51(4):CPG1-CPG80. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2021.0302. PMID: 33789434.
McCann, R. S., et al. (2018). "Isometric Hip Strength and Dynamic Stability of Individuals With Chronic Ankle Instability." Journal of Athletic Training 53(7): 672-678.
O’Connor, S. R., et al. (2013). "Predicting Functional Recovery after Acute Ankle Sprain." PLoS One 8(8): e72124. doi:72110.71371/journal.pone.0072124.
Riva, D., et al. (2016). "Proprioceptive Training and Injury Prevention in a Professional Men's Basketball Team: A Six-Year Prospective Study." Journal of strength and conditioning research 30(2): 461-475.
Schiftan, G. S., et al. (2015). "The effectiveness of proprioceptive training in preventing ankle sprains in sporting populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 18(3): 238-244.
Smith, M. D., et al. (2021). "Return to sport decisions after an acute lateral ankle sprain injury: introducing the PAASS framework—an international multidisciplinary consensus." British Journal of Sports Medicine 55(22): 1270-1276.
Smith, B. I., et al. (2018). "Effects of hip strengthening on neuromuscular control, hip strength, and self-reported functional deficits in individuals with chronic ankle instability." Journal of sport rehabilitation 27(4): 364-370.
Tayeb, R. (2013). "DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF OTTAWA ANKLE RULES: SIMPLE GUIDELINES WITH HIGH SENSITIVITY." British Journal of Sports Medicine 47(10): e3.
van Dijk, C. N. and G. Vuurberg (2017). "There is no such thing as a simple ankle sprain: clinical commentary on the 2016 International Ankle Consortium position statement." British Journal of Sports Medicine 51(6): 485-486.
Vuurberg, G., et al. (2018). "Diagnosis, treatment and prevention of ankle sprains: update of an evidence-based clinical guideline." British Journal of Sports Medicine 52(15): 956-956.
Wang, X., et al. (2013). "Clinical Value of the Ottawa Ankle Rules for Diagnosis of Fractures in Acute " PLoS One
Wang DY, Jiao C, Ao YF, Yu JK, Guo QW, Xie X, Chen LX, Zhao F, Pi YB, Li N, Hu YL, Jiang D. Risk Factors for Osteochondral Lesions and Osteophytes in Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability: A Case Series of 1169 Patients. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020 May 26;8(5):2325967120922821. doi: 10.1177/2325967120922821. PMID: 32518802; PMCID: PMC7252382.
Wagemans J, Bleakley C, Taeymans J, et al. Exercise-based rehabilitation reduces re-injury following acute lateral ankle sprain: A systematic review update with meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2022;17(2):e0262023. Published 2022 Feb 8. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0262023
Wester, J. U., et al. (1996). "Wobble board training after partial sprains of the lateral ligaments of the ankle: a prospective randomized study." Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 23(5): 332-336.
Zinder SM, Granata KP, Shultz SJ, Gansneder BM. Ankle bracing and the neuromuscular factors influencing joint stiffness. J Athl Train. 2009 Jul-Aug;44(4):363-9. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-44.4.363. PMID: 19593418; PMCID: PMC2707072.
ZECH, A., et al. (2009). "Neuromuscular Training for Rehabilitation of Sports Injuries: A Systematic Review." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 41(10): 1831-1841.

Question 4

Gluteal tendinopathy

Accepted Answer

Barratt PA, Brookes N, Newson A. Conservative treatments for greater trochanteric pain syndrome: a systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2017;51:97-104.
Bremer, T., Nicklen, P., Fearon, A., & Morrissey, D. (2022). Management of gluteal tendinopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of all interventions. Physiotherapy, 114, e187-e188.
Clifford, C., et al. (2019). "Isometric versus isotonic exercise for greater trochanteric pain syndrome: a randomised controlled pilot study." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 5(1): e000558.
Disantis, Ashley E., and RobRoy L. Martin. "Classification Based Treatment of Greater Trochanteric Pain Syndrome (GTPS) with Integration of the Movement System." International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 17.3 (2022): 508.
Ebert, J. R., Edwards, P. K., Fick, D. P., & Janes, G. C. (2017). A systematic review of rehabilitation exercises to progressively load the gluteus medius. Journal of sport rehabilitation, 26(5), 418-436.
Fearon, A., Neeman, T., Smith, P., Scarvell, J., & Cook, J. (2017). Pain, not structural impairments may explain activity limitations in people with gluteal tendinopathy or hip osteoarthritis: a cross sectional study. Gait & Posture, 52, 237-243.
Grimaldi, A., & Fearon, A. (2015). Gluteal tendinopathy: integrating pathomechanics and clinical features in its management. journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy, 45(11), 910-922.
Grimaldi, A., Mellor, R., Hodges, P., Bennell, K., Wajswelner, H., & Vicenzino, B. (2015). Gluteal tendinopathy: a review of mechanisms, assessment and management. Sports Medicine, 45(8), 1107-1119.
Ladurner, A., Fitzpatrick, J., & O’Donnell, J. M. (2021). Treatment of Gluteal Tendinopathy: A Systematic Review and Stage-Adjusted Treatment Recommendation. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 9(7), 23259671211016850.
Lall, A. C., Schwarzman, G. R., Battaglia, M. R., Chen, S. L., Maldonado, D. R., & Domb, B. G. (2019). Greater trochanteric pain syndrome: an intraoperative endoscopic classification system with pearls to surgical techniques and rehabilitation protocols. Arthroscopy techniques , 8(8), e889-e903.
Nasser, A. M., Fearon, A. M., Grimaldi, A., Vicenzino, B., Mellor, R., Spencer, T., & Semciw, A. I. (2022). Outcome measures in the management of gluteal tendinopathy: a systematic review of their measurement properties. British Journal of Sports Medicine
Plinsinga, M. L., Coombes, B. K., Mellor, R., Nicolson, P., Grimaldi, A., Hodges, P., ... & Vicenzino, B. (2018). Psychological factors not strength deficits are associated with severity of gluteal tendinopathy: A cross‐sectional study. European Journal of Pain, 22(6), 1124-1133.
Ramon, S., Russo, S., Santoboni, F., Lucenteforte, G., Di Luise, C., de Unzurrunzaga, R., ... & Vulpiani, M. C. (2020). Focused shockwave treatment for greater trochanteric pain syndrome: a multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial. JBJS, 102(15), 1305-1311.

Question 5

Iliotibial band syndrome

Accepted Answer

Aderem J, Louw QA. Biomechanical risk factors associated with iliotibial band syndrome in runners: a systematic review. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2015;16(1):356.
Alexander JLN, Culvenor AG, Johnston RRT, et al Strategies to prevent and manage running-related knee injuries: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials British Journal of Sports Medicine Published Online First: 23 September 2022. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-105553
Allen, D. J. (2014). "Treatment of distal iliotibial band syndrome in a long distance runner with gait re‐training emphasizing step rate manipulation." International journal of sports physical therapy 9(2): 222.
Balachandar, V., et al. (2019). "Iliotibial Band Friction Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis to evaluate lower-limb biomechanics and conservative treatment." Muscles, Ligaments & Tendons Journal (MLTJ) 9(2).
Barton, C. J., et al. (2016). "Running retraining to treat lower limb injuries: a mixed-methods study of current evidence synthesised with expert opinion." British Journal of Sports Medicine 50(9): 513-526.
Besomi Molina, Manuela. "Towards the investigation of the tensor fascia lata muscle and iliotibial band function in runners: the relevance of the why and the how." (2021).
Brukner P, Clarsen B, Cook J, Cools A, Crossley K, Hutchinson M, McCrory P, Bahr R, Khan K. eds. Brukner & Khan’s Clinical Sports Medicine: Injuries, Volume 1, 5e. McGraw Hill; 2017. Chapter 37 - Lateral Medial Posterior Knee pain
Dodelin, D., et al. (2018). "Reduction of Foot Overpronation to Improve Iliotibial Band Syndrome in Runners: A Case Series." Clin Res Foot Ankle 6(272): 2.
Friede, M. C., et al. (2021). "Conservative treatment of iliotibial band syndrome in runners: Are we targeting the right goals?" Physical Therapy in Sport.
McKay, J., et al. (2020). "Iliotibial band syndrome rehabilitation in female runners: a pilot randomized study." Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research 15(1): 188.
Miccio, S., et al. "Conservative Rehabilitation Treatments of Iliotibial Band Syndrome: A Systematic Review." Muscles, Ligaments & Tendons Journal (MLTJ) 11.1 (2021).
Narducci, Dusty Marie, et al. "Is There a Correlation Between Reported Knee Pain and Fluid at the Distal Insertion of the Iliotibial Band in Runners?." Cureus 14.8 (2022).
Robertz, Leon, et al. "EFFECT OF DOWNHILL RUNNING ON BIOMECHANICAL RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH ILIOTIBIAL BAND SYNDROME." ISBS Proceedings Archive 40.1 (2022): 595.
Willwacher, S., Kurz, M., Robbin, J., Thelen, M., Hamill, J., Kelly, L., & Mai, P. (2022). Running-Related Biomechanical Risk Factors for Overuse Injuries in Distance Runners: A Systematic Review Considering Injury Specificity and the Potentials for Future Research. Sports Medicine, 1-15.

Question 6

Injury prevention

Accepted Answer

Cloosterman, Kyra LA, et al. "Educational online prevention programme (the SPRINT study) has no effect on the number of running-related injuries in recreational runners: a randomised-controlled trial." British journal of sports medicine 56.12 (2022): 676-682.
Dhillon, Gurmeet K., et al. "What are the perceptions of runners and healthcare professionals on footwear and running injury risk?." BMJ open sport & exercise medicine 6.1 (2020): e000767.
Fokkema T, Vos RD, van Ochten JM, et al Preventing running-related injuries using evidence-based online advice: the design of a randomised-controlled trialBMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 2017;3: e000265. doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2017-000265
Fokkema, Tryntsje, et al. "Enhanced injury prevention programme for recreational runners (the SPRINT study): design of a randomised controlled trial." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 6.1 (2020): e000780.
Fokkema, Tryntsje, et al. "Opinions, barriers, and facilitators of injury prevention in recreational runners." journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy 49.10 (2019): 736-742.
Fokkema, Tryntsje, et al. "Online multifactorial prevention programme has no effect on the number of running-related injuries: a randomised controlled trial." British journal of sports medicine 53.23 (2019): 1479-1485.
Hollander, Karsten, et al. "Sex-specific differences in running injuries: a systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression." Sports Medicine 51.5 (2021): 1011-1039.
Hofstede, H., et al. "In training for a marathon: Runners and running-related injury prevention." Physical Therapy in Sport 41 (2020): 80-86.
Hsu, Chia-Li, et al. "Common running musculoskeletal injuries and associated factors among recreational gorge marathon runners: An investigation from 2013 to 2018 taroko gorge marathons." International journal of environmental research and public health 17.21 (2020): 8101.
Lauersen, Jeppe Bo, Thor Einar Andersen, and Lars Bo Andersen. "Strength training as superior, dose-dependent and safe prevention of acute and overuse sports injuries: a systematic review, qualitative analysis and meta-analysis." British journal of sports medicine 52.24 (2018): 1557-1563.
Lauersen JB, Bertelsen DM, Andersen LBThe effectiveness of exercise interventions to prevent sports injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trialsBritish Journal of Sports Medicine 2014;48: 871-877.
Leppänen, Mari, et al. "Interventions to prevent sports related injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials." Sports medicine 44.4 (2014): 473-486.
Matias, Alessandra B., et al. "Effects of Foot-Core Training on Foot-Ankle Kinematics and Running Kinetics in Runners: Secondary Outcomes From a Randomized Controlled Trial." Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology (2022): 599.
Napier, Christopher, and Richard W. Willy. "The prevention and treatment of running injuries: A state of the art." International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 16.4 (2021): 968.
Peterson, Benjamin, et al. "Biomechanical and Musculoskeletal Measurements as Risk Factors for Running-Related Injury in Non-elite Runners: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prospective Studies." Sports medicine-open 8.1 (2022): 1-26.
Smyth, Erin A., et al. "Injury prevention strategies specific to pre-elite athletes competing in Olympic and professional sports—a systematic review." Journal of science and medicine in sport 22.8 (2019): 887-901.
Kemler, Ellen, et al. "Differences in injury risk and characteristics of injuries between novice and experienced runners over a 4-year period." The Physician and sportsmedicine 46.4 (2018): 485-491.
Vincent, Heather K., Michael Brownstein, and Kevin R. Vincent. "Injury prevention, safe training techniques, rehabilitation, and return to sport in trail runners." Arthroscopy, sports medicine, and rehabilitation 4.1 (2022): e151-e162.
Wolthon, Alexander, et al. "Running shoes, pronation, and injuries: do beliefs of injury risk factors among running shoe salespersons and physiotherapy students align with current aetiology frameworks?." Footwear Science 12.2 (2020): 101-111.
Wilke, Jan, Oliver Vogel, and Lutz Vogt. "Why are you running and does it hurt? Pain, motivations and beliefs about injury prevention among participants of a large-scale public running event." International journal of environmental research and public health 16.19 (2019): 3766.
https://www.running-physio.com/skimpyresearch/

Question 7

Lower back pain

Accepted Answer

Anheyer, Dennis, et al. "Yoga for treating low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Pain 163.4 (2022): e504-e517.
Fernández-Rodríguez, Rubén, et al. "Best exercise options for reducing pain and disability in adults with chronic low back pain: pilates, strength, core-based, and mind-body. A network meta-analysis." Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 52.8 (2022): 505-521.
Niederer, Daniel, Matthias Weippert, and Martin Behrens. "What modifies the effect of an exercise treatment for chronic low back pain? A meta-epidemiologic regression analysis of risk of bias and comparative effectiveness." Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 52.12 (2022): 792-802.
Larivière, Christian, et al. "Derivation of clinical prediction rules for identifying patients with non-acute low back pain who respond best to a lumbar stabilization exercise program at post-treatment and six-month follow-up." Plos one 17.4 (2022): e0265970.
Siddall, Benjamin, et al. "Short-term impact of combining pain neuroscience education with exercise for chronic musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Pain 163.1 (2022): e20-e30.
Gianola, Silvia, et al. "Effectiveness of treatments for acute and subacute mechanical non-specific low back pain: a systematic review with network meta-analysis." British journal of sports medicine 56.1 (2022): 41-50.
Sutanto, Dhananjaya, et al. "Effects of Different Trunk Training Methods for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Meta-Analysis." International journal of environmental research and public health 19.5 (2022): 2863.
Disantis, Ashley E., and RobRoy L. Martin. "Classification Based Treatment of Greater Trochanteric Pain Syndrome (GTPS) with Integration of the Movement System." International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 17.3 (2022): 508.
Fleckenstein, J., Flössel, P., Engel, T., Krempel, L., Stoll, J., Behrens, M., & Niederer, D. (2022). Individualized exercise in chronic non-specific low back pain: a systematic review with meta-analysis on the effects of exercise alone or in combination with psychological interventions on pain and disability. The Journal of Pain.
Grooten, W.J.A., Boström, C., Dedering, Å. et al. Summarizing the effects of different exercise types in chronic low back pain – a systematic review of systematic reviews. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 23, 801 (2022).
Ho, Emma Kwan-Yee, et al. "Psychological interventions for chronic, non-specific low back pain: systematic review with network meta-analysis." bmj 376 (2022).
Nice guidelines: Back pain - low (without radiculopathy)
Pourahmadi M, Delavari S, Hayden JA, et al Does motor control training improve pain and function in adults with symptomatic lumbar disc herniation? A systematic review and meta-analysis of 861 subjects in 16 trialsBritish Journal of Sports Medicine 2022;56:1230-1240.
Shahidi, B., Padwal, J., Lee, E., Xu, R., Northway, S., Taitano, L., ... & Raiszadeh, K. (2022). Factors impacting adherence to an exercise-based physical therapy program for individuals with low back pain. PloS one, 17 (10), e0276326.
Shanbehzadeh, S., ShahAli, S., Hides, J., Ebrahimi-Takamjani, I., & Rasouli, O. (2022). Effect of Motor Control Training on Trunk Muscle Morphometry, Pain, and Disability in People With Chronic Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics.
Clijsen, Ron, et al. "Local heat applications as a treatment of physical and functional parameters in acute and chronic musculoskeletal disorders or pain." Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 103.3 (2022): 505-522.
George, Steven Z., et al. "Interventions for the management of acute and chronic low back pain: revision 2021: clinical practice guidelines linked to the international classification of functioning, disability and health from the academy of orthopaedic physical therapy of the American Physical Therapy Association." Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 51.11 (2021): CPG1-CPG60.
Fischer, S. C., Calley, D. Q., & Hollman, J. H. (2021). Effect of an exercise program that includes deadlifts on low back pain. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 30(4), 672-675.
Hayden JA, Ellis J, Ogilvie R, Malmivaara A, van Tulder MW. Exercise therapy for chronic low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Sep 28;9(9):CD009790.
Kanitz, A. C., Machado, B., Rodrigues, D., Zambelli, G., Ivaniski, A., Carvalho, N., ... & Martins, L. F. (2021). Deep-water running training at moderate intensity and high intensity improves pain, disability, and quality of life in patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized clinical trial. Arch. med. deporte, 38 (201), 28-35.
Maselli, F., Esculier, J. F., Storari, L., Mourad, F., Rossettini, G., Barbari, V., ... & Testa, M. (2021). Low back pain among Italian runners: A cross-sectional survey. Physical Therapy in Sport, 48, 136-145.
Nice guideline: Chronic pain (primary and secondary) in over 16s: assessment of all chronic pain and management of chronic primary pain
Wu, B., Chen, C. C., Wang, J., & Wang, X. Q. (2021). Incidence and risk factors of low back pain in marathon runners. Pain Research and Management , 2021.
Maselli, F., Storari, L., Barbari, V., Colombi, A., Turolla, A., Gianola, S., ... & Testa, M. (2020). Prevalence and incidence of low back pain among runners: a systematic review. BMC musculoskeletal disorders, 21(1), 1-25.
O'Sullivan PB, Caneiro J, O'Sullivan K, et al Back to basics: 10 facts every person should know about back pain British Journal of Sports Medicine 2020;54: 698-699.
Owen PJ, Miller CT, Mundell NL, et al. Which specific modes of exercise training are most effective for treating low back pain? Network meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2020;54:1279-1287.
Hides, J. A., Murphy, M., Jang, E., Blackwell, L., Sexton, M., Sexton, C., & Mendis, M. D. (2019). Predicting a beneficial response to motor control training in patients with low back pain: a longitudinal cohort study. European Spine Journal, 28(11), 2462-2469.
O’Sullivan K, O’Sullivan PB, Gabbett TJ, et al. Advice to athletes with back pain—get active! Seriously? British Journal of Sports Medicine 2019;53:324-325.
Traeger AC, Buchbinder R, Harris IA, et al Avoid routinely prescribing medicines for non-specific low back pain. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2019;53:196-199.
Vanti, C., Andreatta, S., Borghi, S., Guccione, A. A., Pillastrini, P., & Bertozzi, L. (2019). The effectiveness of walking versus exercise on pain and function in chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Disability and rehabilitation, 41(6), 622-632.
Lee, S. P., Bailey, J. P., Smith, J. A., Barton, S., Brown, D., & Joyce, T. (2018). Adaptations of lumbar biomechanics after four weeks of running training with minimalist footwear and technique guidance: Implications for running-related lower back pain. Physical Therapy in Sport, 29, 101-107.
Rahman Shiri, David Coggon, Kobra Falah-Hassani, Exercise for the Prevention of Low Back Pain: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Trials, American Journal of Epidemiology , Volume 187, Issue 5, May 2018, Pages 1093–1101.
Huber, S., et al. (2017). "Treatment of low back pain with a digital multidisciplinary pain treatment app: short-term results." JMIR rehabilitation and assistive technologies 4(2): e11.
Saragiotto BT, Latimer J Prevention of low back pain (PEDro synthesis)British Journal of Sports Medicine 2016;50:1345.
Boucher, JA., Preuss, R., Henry, S.M. et al. The effects of an 8-week stabilization exercise program on lumbar movement sense in patients with low back pain. BMC Musculoskeletal Disord 17, 23 (2016).
Welch, Neil, et al. "The effects of a free-weight-based resistance training intervention on pain, squat biomechanics and MRI-defined lumbar fat infiltration and functional cross-sectional area in those with chronic low back." BMJ open sport & exercise medicine 1.1 (2015): e000050.
Moseley, G. Lorimer, and David S. Butler. "Fifteen years of explaining pain: the past, present, and future." The Journal of Pain 16.9 (2015): 807-813.
Berglund, Lars1,2; Aasa, Björn2; Hellqvist, Jonas1; Michaelson, Peter3; Aasa, Ulrika1. Which Patients With Low Back Pain Benefit From Deadlift Training?. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 29(7):p 1803-1811, July 2015.
Gallagher, Laura, James McAuley, and G. Lorimer Moseley. "A randomized-controlled trial of using a book of metaphors to reconceptualize pain and decrease catastrophizing in people with chronic pain." The Clinical journal of pain 29.1 (2013): 20-25.
Malliaropoulos N, Bikos G, Tsitas K, et al Low back pain in elite track and field athletes British Journal of Sports Medicine 2011;45:e1.
Manninen JS, Kallinen M Low back pain and other overuse injuries in a group of Japanese triathletes.British Journal of Sports Medicine 1996;30:134-139.

Question 8

Meniscus tears - knee

Accepted Answer

Beaufils P, Pujol N. Management of traumatic meniscal tear and degenerative meniscal lesions. Save the meniscus. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2017 Dec;103(8S):S237-S244
Bhan K (June 13, 2020) Meniscal Tears: Current Understanding, Diagnosis, and Management. Cureus 12(6): e8590. doi:10.7759/cureus.8590
CHANDRAN, H., et al. (2017). "MENISCAL TEARS--A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW." Kerala Journal of Orthopaedics 30.
Fahrer, H., et al. “Knee effusion and reflex inhibition of the quadriceps. A bar to effective retraining.” The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume 70.4 (1988): 635-638.
Fukuta S, Kuge A, Korai F. Clinical significance of meniscal abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging in an older population. Knee. 2009 Jun;16(3):187-90. doi: 10.1016/j.knee.2008.11.006. PMID: 19179080.
Greis PE, Bardana DD, Holmstrom MC, Burks RT. Meniscal injury: I. Basic science and evaluation. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2002;10:168–176. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Hopkins, Jon T., et al. “Effect of knee joint effusion on quadriceps and soleus motoneuron pool excitability.” Medicine and science in sports and exercise 33.1 (2001): 123-126.
Howell R, Kumar NS, Patel N, Tom J. Degenerative meniscus: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment options. World J Orthop. 2014;5(5):597-602. Published 2014 Nov 18. doi:10.5312/wjo.v5.i5.597
Lento PH, Akuthota V. Meniscal injuries: A critical review. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2000 Jan 1;15(2):55-62. doi: 10.3233/bmr-2000-152-302. PMID: 22388443.
Kalra, Mayank1; Bakker, Ryan1; Tomescu, Sebastian S2; Polak, Anna M1; Nicholls, Micah3; Chandrashekar, Naveen1,The effect of unloader knee braces on medial meniscal strain, Prosthetics and Orthotics International: April 2019 – Volume 43 – Issue 2 – p 132-139 doi: 10.1177/0309364618798173
Kopf, S., et al. (2020). "Management of traumatic meniscus tears: the 2019 ESSKA meniscus consensus." Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy 28(4): 1177-1194.
Lee PY, Winfield TG, Harris SR, et al. Unloading knee brace is a cost-effective method to bridge and delay surgery in unicompartmental knee arthritis. BMJ Open Sport & ExerciseMedicine 2017;2:e000195. doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2016-000195
Logerstedt, D. S., et al. (2018). "Knee pain and mobility impairments: meniscal and articular cartilage lesions revision 2018: clinical practice guidelines linked to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health from the Orthopaedic Section of the American Physical Therapy Association." Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 48(2): A1-A50.
Caroline A. Murphy, Atul K. Garg, Joana Silva-Correia, Rui L. Reis, Joaquim M. Oliveira, Maurice N. Collins. The Meniscus in Normal and Osteoarthritic Tissues: Facing the Structure Property Challenges and Current Treatment TrendsAnnual Review of Biomedical Engineering 2019 21:1, 495-521
Palmieri-Smith, Riann M., et al. “Quadriceps inhibition induced by an experimental knee joint effusion affects knee joint mechanics during a single-legged drop landing.” The American journal of sports medicine 35.8 (2007): 1269-1275.
Shiraev T, Anderson SE, Hope N. Meniscal tear – presentation, diagnosis and management. Aust Fam Physician. 2012 Apr;41(4):182-7. PMID: 22472678.
Snoeker BA, Bakker EW, Kegel CA, Lucas C. Risk factors for meniscal tears: a systematic review including meta-analysis. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2013 Jun;43(6):352-67. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2013.4295. Epub 2013 Apr 29. PMID: 23628788.
Smoak, J. B., et al. (2020). "An Up-to-Date Review of the Meniscus Literature: A Systematic Summary of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses." Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine 8(9): 2325967120950306.
Sherman SL, DiPaolo ZJ, Ray TE, Sachs BM, Oladeji LO. Meniscus Injuries: A Review of Rehabilitation and Return to Play. Clin Sports Med. 2020;39(1):165-183. doi:10.1016/j.csm.2019.08.004
Swart, N., et al. (2016). "Effectiveness of exercise therapy for meniscal lesions in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 19(12): 990-998.
Thorlund, J. B., et al. (2018). "Risk factors, diagnosis and non-surgical treatment for meniscal tears: evidence and recommendations: a statement paper commissioned by the Danish Society of Sports Physical Therapy (DSSF)." British journal of sports medicine 52(9): 557-565.

Question 9

Muscle strains

Accepted Answer

Afonso J, Olivares-Jabalera J, Andrade R. Time to Move From Mandatory Stretching? We Need to Differentiate “Can I?” From “Do I Have To?”. Front Physiol. 2021;12:714166. Published 2021 Jul 22. doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.714166
Ballas MT, Tytko J, Cookson D. Common overuse running injuries: diagnosis and management. Am Fam Physician. 1997 May 15;55(7):2473-84.
Baoge, L., et al. (2012). "Treatment of skeletal muscle injury: a review." International Scholarly Research Notices 2012.
Babault N, Rodot G, Champelovier M, Cometti C. A Survey on Stretching Practices in Women and Men from Various Sports or Physical Activity Programs. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(8):3928. Published 2021 Apr 8. doi:10.3390/ijerph18083928
Behm DG, Blazevich AJ, Kay AD, McHugh M. Acute effects of muscle stretching on physical performance, range of motion, and injury incidence in healthy active individuals: a systematic review. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016;41(1):1-11. doi:10.1139/apnm-2015-0235
Bisciotti, G. N., et al. (2019). "Italian consensus statement (2020) on return to play after lower limb muscle injury in football (soccer)." BMJ open sport & exercise medicine 5(1): e000505.
Bramah C, Preece SJ, Gill N, Herrington L. Kinematic Characteristics of Male Runners With a History of Recurrent Calf Muscle Strain Injury. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2021;16(3):732-740.
Broughton, G., 2nd, Janis, J. E., & Attinger, C. E. (2006). Wound healing: an overview. Plast Reconstr Surg, 117(7 Suppl), 32e-S.
Brukner, P. (2015). "Hamstring injuries: prevention and treatment—an update." British Journal of Sports Medicine 49(19): 1241-1244.
Bryan Dixon, J. (2009). "Gastrocnemius vs. soleus strain: how to differentiate and deal with calf muscle injuries." Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine 2(2): 74-77.
Campbell JT. Posterior calf injury. Foot Ankle Clin. 2009 Dec;14(4):761-71. doi: 10.1016/j.fcl.2009.07.005. PMID: 19857847.
Chaabene H, Behm DG, Negra Y, Granacher U. Acute Effects of Static Stretching on Muscle Strength and Power: An Attempt to Clarify Previous Caveats. Front Physiol. 2019;10:1468. Published 2019 Nov 29. doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.01468
Fields, Karl B.1; Sykes, Jeannie C.2; Walker, Katherine M.3; Jackson, Jonathan C.4 Prevention of Running Injuries, Current Sports Medicine Reports: May 2010 – Volume 9 – Issue 3 – p 176-182
Fournier-Farley, C., et al. (2016). "Determinants of return to play after the nonoperative management of hamstring injuries in athletes: a systematic review." The American journal of sports medicine 44(8): 2166-2172.
Franchi MV, Reeves ND, Narici MV. Skeletal Muscle Remodeling in Response to Eccentric vs. Concentric Loading: Morphological, Molecular, and Metabolic Adaptations. Front Physiol. 2017;8:447. Published 2017 Jul 4. doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.00447
Freitas SR, Mendes B, Le Sant G, Andrade RJ, Nordez A, Milanovic Z. Can chronic stretching change the muscle-tendon mechanical properties? A review. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2018;28(3):794-806. doi:10.1111/sms.12957
Green, B., et al. (2020). "266 Expert opinion on the assessment and management of calf muscle strain injuries in sport." British journal of sports medicine 54(Suppl 1): A110.
Green B, Pizzari T. Calf muscle strain injuries in sport: a systematic review of risk factors for injury. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2017;51:1189-1194.
Green, B., et al. (2020). "Recalibrating the risk of hamstring strain injury (HSI)-A 2020 systematic review and meta-analysis of risk factors for index and recurrent HSI in sport." British Journal of Sports Medicine.
Hsu D, Chang KV. Gastrocnemius Strain. [Updated 2020 Aug 29]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan-.
Hickey, J. T., et al. (2017). "Criteria for progressing rehabilitation and determining return-to-play clearance following hamstring strain injury: a systematic review." Sports medicine 47(7): 1375-1387.
Hotfiel, T., et al. (2018). "Nonoperative treatment of muscle injuries-recommendations from the GOTS expert meeting." Journal of experimental orthopaedics 5(1): 1-11.
Ishøi, L., et al. (2020). "Diagnosis, prevention and treatment of common lower extremity muscle injuries in sport–grading the evidence: a statement paper commissioned by the Danish Society of Sports Physical Therapy (DSSF)." British journal of sports medicine 54(9): 528-537.
Laumonier, T., Menetrey, J. Muscle injuries and strategies for improving their repair. J EXP ORTOP 3, 15 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40634-016-0051-7
Macdonald, B., et al. (2019). “Hamstring rehabilitation in elite track and field athletes: applying the British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification in clinical practice.” British Journal of Sports Medicine: bjsports-2017-098971.
Mendiguchia, J., et al. (2017). "A multifactorial, criteria-based progressive algorithm for hamstring injury treatment." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 49(7): 1482-1492.
Magnusson SP, Simonsen EB, Aagaard P, Sørensen H, Kjaer M. A mechanism for altered flexibility in human skeletal muscle [published correction appears in J Physiol (Lond) 1996 Dec 15;497(Pt 3):857]. J Physiol. 1996;497 ( Pt 1)(Pt 1):291-298. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1996.sp021768
Mahieu NN, McNair P, Cools A, D’Haen C, Vandermeulen K, Witvrouw E. Effect of eccentric training on the plantar flexor muscle-tendon tissue properties. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40(1):117-123. doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181599254
McHugh MP, Cosgrave CH. To stretch or not to stretch: the role of stretching in injury prevention and performance. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010;20(2):169-181. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01058.x
Mendiguchia, J., et al. (2013). "Rectus femoris muscle injuries in football: a clinically relevant review of mechanisms of injury, risk factors and preventive strategies." British journal of sports medicine 47(6): 359-366.
Nsitem V. Diagnosis and rehabilitation of gastrocnemius muscle tear: a case report. J Can Chiropr Assoc. 2013;57(4):327-333.
Page P. Current concepts in muscle stretching for exercise and rehabilitation. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2012;7(1):109-119
Pollock, Noel, et al. "A 4-year study of hamstring injury outcomes in elite track and field using the British Athletics rehabilitation approach." British Journal of Sports Medicine 56.5 (2022): 257-263.
Ramos, G. A., et al. (2017). "Rehabilitation of hamstring muscle injuries: a literature review." Revista brasileira de ortopedia 52(1): 11-16.
Reurink, G., et al. (2012). "Therapeutic interventions for acute hamstring injuries: a systematic review." British journal of sports medicine 46(2): 103-109.
Ricardo J. Andrade, Sandro R. Freitas, François Hug, Guillaume Le Sant, Lilian Lacourpaille, Raphaël Gross, Jean-Baptiste Quillard, Peter J. McNair, and Antoine NordezFranchi MV, Reeves ND, Narici MV. Skeletal Muscle Remodeling in Response to Eccentric vs. Concentric Loading: Morphological, Molecular, and Metabolic Adaptations. Front Physiol. 2017;8:447. Published 2017 Jul 4. doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.00447
Riley DA, Van Dyke JM. The effects of active and passive stretching on muscle length. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2012;23(1):51-x. doi:10.1016/j.pmr.2011.11.006
Shield, A. J. (2018). "Preventing hamstring injuries - Part 1: Is there really an eccentric action of the hamstrings in high speed running and does it matter?" sportperfsci.com.
Thacker SB, Gilchrist J, Stroup DF, Kimsey CD Jr. The impact of stretching on sports injury risk: a systematic review of the literature. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36(3):371-378.
Thomas E, Bellafiore M, Petrigna L, Paoli A, Palma A, Bianco A. Peripheral Nerve Responses to Muscle Stretching: A Systematic Review. J Sports Sci Med. 2021;20(2):258-267. Published 2021 Mar 8. doi:10.52082/jssm.2021.258
Vavken, P. (2018). “Evidence-based Treatment of Muscle Injuries.” Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin & Sporttraumatologie 67(1).
van der Worp MP, ten Haaf DS, van Cingel R, de Wijer A, Nijhuis-van der Sanden MW, Staal JB. Injuries in runners; a systematic review on risk factors and sex differences. PLoS One. 2015;10(2):e0114937.
Zierath JR, Hawley JA. Skeletal muscle fiber type: influence on contractile and metabolic properties. PLoS Biol. 2004;2(10):e348. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020348

Question 10

Outcome measures and research

Accepted Answer

Brouwers, M. C., et al. (2016). "The AGREE Reporting Checklist: a tool to improve reporting of clinical practice guidelines." BMJ 352: i1152.
de Morton, N. A. (2009). "The PEDro scale is a valid measure of the methodological quality of clinical trials: a demographic study." Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 55(2): 129-133.
Gehanno, J.-F., et al. (2013). "Is the coverage of Google Scholar enough to be used alone for systematic reviews." BMC medical informatics and decision making 13(1): 1-5.
Orduña Malea, E., et al. (2017). "Google Scholar as a source for scholarly evaluation: a bibliographic review of database errors." Revista española de documentación científica 40(4): 1-33.
Smith, V., et al. (2011). "Methodology in conducting a systematic review of systematic reviews of healthcare interventions." BMC medical research methodology 11(1): 1-6.
Valle, X., et al. "Muscle Injuries in Sports: A New Evidence-Informed and Expert Consensus-Based Classification with Clinical Application." assessment 31: 32.

Question 11

Patellar tedinopathy

Accepted Answer

Aicale, R., et al. (2020) Management of Achilles and patellar tendinopathy: what we know, what we can do. Journal of foot and ankle research 13, 59 DOI: 10.1186/s13047-020-00418-8
Andriolo, L., et al. (2019). "Nonsurgical treatments of patellar tendinopathy: multiple injections of platelet-rich plasma are a suitable option: a systematic review and meta-analysis." The American Journal of Sports Medicine 47(4): 1001-1018.
Breda, S. J., et al. (2020). "Effectiveness of progressive tendon-loading exercise therapy in patients with patellar tendinopathy: a randomised clinical trial." British Journal of Sports Medicine: bjsports-2020-103403.
Breda, Stephan J., et al. "Decreasing patellar tendon stiffness during exercise therapy for patellar tendinopathy is associated with better outcome." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport
25.5 (2022): 372-378.
Burcal, C. J., et al. (2019). "Evidence to practice review: best practices in patellar tendinopathy management." Clinical Practice in Athletic Training 2(1): 4-10.
Burton, I. (2022). "Interventions for prevention and in-season management of patellar tendinopathy in athletes: A scoping review." Physical Therapy in Sport.
Burton, Ian, and Aisling McCormack. "Assessment of the reporting quality of resistance training interventions in randomised controlled trials for lower limb tendinopathy: A systematic review." Clinical Rehabilitation
36.6 (2022): 831-854.
Burton, Ian, and Aisling McCormack. "Resistance Training Interventions for Lower Limb Tendinopathies: A Scoping Review of Resistance Training Reporting Content, Quality, and Scientific Implementation." Translational Sports Medicine 2022 (2022).
Challoumas, D., et al. (2021). "Management of patellar tendinopathy: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised studies." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 7(4): e001110.
Christensen, B., et al. (2011). "Effect of anti-inflammatory medication on the running-induced rise in patella tendon collagen synthesis in humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 110(1): 137-141.
Cook, J. L. and C. Purdam (2012). "Is compressive load a factor in the development of tendinopathy?" Br J Sports Med 46(3): 163-168.
Cook, J. L., and S. I. Docking. “Rehabilitation will increase the ‘capacity’of your… insert musculoskeletal tissue here….” Defining ‘tissue capacity’: a core concept for clinicians." British journal of sports medicine
49.23 (2015): 1484-1485.
Cook, J. L., et al. (2016). "Revisiting the continuum model of tendon pathology: what is its merit in clinical practice and research?" British Journal of Sports Medicine 50(19): 1187-1191.
Damsted, C., Glad, S., Nielsen, R. O., Sørensen, H., & Malisoux, L. (2018). Is there evidence for an association between changes in training load and running-related injuries? A systematic review. International journal of sports physical therapy, 13(6), 931.
de Vries, A., et al. (2016). "Effect of patellar strap and sports tape on pain in patellar tendinopathy: a randomized controlled trial." Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 26(10): 1217-1224.
In: Brukner P, Clarsen B, Cook J, Cools A, Crossley K, Hutchinson M, McCrory P, Bahr R, Khan K. eds. Brukner & Khan’s Clinical Sports Medicine: Injuries, Volume 1, 5e. McGraw Hill; 2017.
Kongsgaard, M., et al. (2009). "Corticosteroid injections, eccentric decline squat training and heavy slow resistance training in patellar tendinopathy." Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 19(6): 790-802.
Kumar, P. G. M., et al. (2020). "Comparison between the effectiveness of decline squat exercise and forward lunges in athletes with patellar tendinopathy." Drug Invention Today 14(6): 997-1000.
Longo, U. G., Berton, A., Stelitano, G., Madaudo, C., Perna, M., Ciuffreda, M., ... & Denaro, V. (2021). 2017 Marathon of Rome: Anthropometry and Sport Profile in 350 Runners and Association With Achilles and Patellar Tendinopathy. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 31(1), e15-e20.
Lopes, A. D., Hespanhol, L. C., Yeung, S. S., & Costa, L. O. P. (2012). What are the main running-related musculoskeletal injuries?. Sports medicine, 42(10), 891-905.
Magra, M. and N. Maffulli (2006). Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in tendinopathy: friend or foe, LWW.
Malliaras, P., et al. (2013). "Achilles and Patellar Tendinopathy Loading Programmes." Sports Medicine 43(4): 267-286.
Malliaras, P., et al. (2015). "Patellar tendinopathy: clinical diagnosis, load management, and advice for challenging case presentations." Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 45(11): 887-898.
Mc Auliffe, Seán, et al. "ICON 2020—International Scientific Tendinopathy Symposium Consensus: A Scoping Review of Psychological and Psychosocial Constructs and Outcome Measures Reported in Tendinopathy Clinical Trials." Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 52.6 (2022): 375-388.
McAuliffe, S., et al. (2016). "Can ultrasound imaging predict the development of Achilles and patellar tendinopathy? A systematic review and meta-analysis." Br J Sports Med 50(24): 1516-1523.
Nielsen, R. O., Nohr, E. A., Rasmussen, S., & Sørensen, H. (2013). Classifying running‐related injuries based upon etiology, with emphasis on volume and pace. International journal of sports physical therapy
, 8(2), 172.
Plinsinga, M. L., et al. (2018). "Patellar and Achilles tendinopathies are predominantly peripheral pain states: a blinded case control study of somatosensory and psychological profiles." British Journal of Sports Medicine 52(5): 284-291.
Rees, J. D., et al. (2013). "THE LOCATION OF PATHOLOGY IN PATELLAR TENDINOPATHY." British Journal of Sports Medicine 47(9): e2-e2.
Rio, E., et al. (2015). "Isometric exercise induces analgesia and reduces inhibition in patellar tendinopathy." Br J Sports Med 49(19): 1277-1283.
Rio, E., et al. (2019). "Isometric Exercise to Reduce Pain in Patellar Tendinopathy In-Season: Is It Effective “on the Road”?" Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 29(3): 188-192.
Ruffino, D., et al. (2021). "Inertial flywheel vs heavy slow resistance training among athletes with patellar tendinopathy: A randomised trial." Physical Therapy in Sport 52: 30-37.
Sarimo, J., Sarin, J., Orava, S., Heikkilä, J., Rantanen, J., Paavola, M., & Raatikainen, T. (2007). Distal patellar tendinosis: an unusual form of jumper’s knee. Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy
, 15 (1), 54-57.
Shim, Joanna, et al. "Are patients satisfied? A systematic review and meta-analysis of patient ratings in exercise therapy for the management of tendinopathy." (2022).
Sisk, D., & Fredericson, M. (2020). Taping, bracing, and injection treatment for Patellofemoral pain and patellar tendinopathy. Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine, 13(4), 537-544.
Sprague, A. L., et al. (2018). "Modifiable risk factors for patellar tendinopathy in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis." British Journal of Sports Medicine 52(24): 1575-1585.
Swinton, Paul, et al. "24 Empirically derived guidelines for interpreting the effectiveness of exercise therapy for tendinopathies: a meta-analysis." (2022).
Tayfur, Abdulhamit. Outcome Predictors For Patellar Tendinopathy In Jumping Athletes. Diss. Queen Mary University of London, 2021.
Visser, Tjerk SO Sleeswijk, et al. "Standardized pain mapping for diagnosing Achilles tendinopathy." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 25.3 (2022): 204-208.

Question 12

Plantar fasciitis

Accepted Answer

Babatunde, O. O., et al. (2019). "Comparative effectiveness of treatment options for plantar heel pain: a systematic review with network meta-analysis." British journal of sports medicine 53(3): 182-194.
Belhan, Oktay, Mehmet Kaya, and Murat Gurger. “The thickness of heel fat-pad in patients with plantar fasciitis.” Acta orthopaedica et traumatologica turcica 53.6 (2019): 463-467.
Bolívar YA, Munuera PV, Padillo JP. Relationship between tightness of the posterior muscles of the lower limb and plantar fasciitis. Foot Ankle Int. 2013 Jan;34(1):42-8. doi: 10.1177/1071100712459173. PMID: 23386760.
Caratun R, Rutkowski NA, Finestone HM. Stubborn heel pain: Treatment of plantar fasciitis using high-load strength training. Can Fam Physician. 2018 Jan;64(1):44-46. PMID: 29358253; PMCID: PMC5962984.
Chen, C.-M., et al. (2018). "Comparative efficacy of corticosteroid injection and non-invasive treatments for plantar fasciitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Scientific reports 8(1): 1-9.
Cheung RT, Sze LK, Mok NW, Ng GY. Intrinsic foot muscle volume in experienced runners with and without chronic plantar fasciitis. J Sci Med Sport. 2016 Sep;19(9):713-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2015.11.004. Epub 2015 Nov 22. PMID: 26655866
Cotchett, M., Rathleff, M.S., Dilnot, M. et al. Lived experience and attitudes of people with plantar heel pain: a qualitative exploration. J Foot Ankle Res 13, 12 (2020).
DiGiovanni BF, Nawoczenski DA, Lintal ME, Moore EA, Murray JC, Wilding GE, Baumhauer JF. Tissue-specific plantar fascia-stretching exercise enhances outcomes in patients with chronic heel pain. A prospective, randomized study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003 Jul;85(7):1270-7. doi: 10.2106/00004623-200307000-00013. PMID: 12851352.
Elataar FF, Abdelmajeed SF, Abdellatif NMN, Mohammed MM. Core muscles’ endurance in flexible flatfeet: A cross – sectional study. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact.
Elvan A, Simsek IE, Cakiroglu MA, Angin S. Association of quadriceps angle with plantar pressure distribution, navicular height and calcaneo-tibial angle. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 2019;53(2):145-149.
Garrett TR, Neibert PJ. The effectiveness of a gastrocnemius-soleus stretching program as a therapeutic treatment of plantar fasciitis. J Sport Rehabil. 2013 Nov;22(4):308-12. doi: 10.1123/jsr.22.4.308. Epub 2013 May 22. PMID: 23752554.
Gaurav, W., et al. (2020). "Plantar fasciitis: Evidence-based review of current treatment modalities." International Journal of Orthopaedics 6(2): 510-512.
Grieve, R. and S. Palmer (2017). "Physiotherapy for plantar fasciitis: a UK-wide survey of current practice." Physiotherapy 103(2): 193-200.
Hasegawa, M., et al. (2020). "Current concepts of minimally invasive treatment options for plantar fasciitis: A comprehensive review." Current Pain and Headache Reports 24(9): 1-11.
Harty J, Soffe K, O’Toole G, Stephens MM. The role of hamstring tightness in plantar fasciitis. Foot Ankle Int. 2005 Dec;26(12):1089-92. doi: 10.1177/107110070502601215. PMID: 16390645.
Harutaichun P, Boonyong S, Pensri P. Differences in lower-extremity kinematics between the male military personnel with and without plantar fasciitis. Phys Ther Sport. 2021;50:130-137.
Jam, Bahram. “Evaluation and retraining of the intrinsic foot muscles for pain syndromes related to abnormal control of pronation.” Advanced Physical Therapy Education Institute 21 (2006): 1-8.
Kaiser, P. B., et al. (2018). “Stress fractures of the foot and ankle in athletes.” Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 3(3): 2473011418790078.
Lai Z, Pang H, Hu X, Dong K, Wang L. Effects of intrinsic-foot-muscle exercise combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults with fall risk: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials. 2021;22(1):587. Published 2021 Sep 3.
Lee JH, Park JH, Jang WY. The effects of hip strengthening exercises in a patient with plantar fasciitis: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(26):e16258.
Lee SP, Powers CM. Individuals with diminished hip abductor muscle strength exhibit altered ankle biomechanics and neuromuscular activation during unipedal balance tasks [published correction] in Gait Posture. 2014 May;40(1):278]. Gait Posture. 2014;39(3):933-938.
Lee JH, Jung HW, Jang WY. A prospective study of the muscle strength and reaction time of the quadriceps, hamstring, and gastrocnemius muscles in patients with plantar fasciitis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2020;21(1):722. Published 2020 Nov 5.
McKeon PO, Hertel J, Bramble D, Davis I. The foot core system: a new paradigm for understanding intrinsic foot muscle function. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49(5):290.
Miller LE, Latt DL. Chronic Plantar Fasciitis is Mediated by Local Hemodynamics: Implications for Emerging Therapies. N Am J Med Sci. 2015 Jan;7(1):1-5. doi: 10.4103/1947-2714.150080. PMID: 25709971; PMCID: PMC4325390.
Monteagudo, M., et al. (2018). "Plantar fasciopathy: A current concepts review." EFORT open reviews 3(8): 485-493.
Moon D, Jung J. Effect of Incorporating Short-Foot Exercises in the Balance Rehabilitation of Flat Foot: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Healthcare (Basel). 2021;9(10):1358. Published 2021 Oct 13.
Morrissey, D., et al. (2021). "Management of plantar heel pain: a best practice guide informed by a systematic review, expert clinical reasoning and patient values." British journal of sports medicine.
Mucha MD, Caldwell W, Schlueter EL, Walters C, Hassen A. Hip abductor strength and lower extremity running-related injury in distance runners: A systematic review. J Sci Med Sport. 2017;20(4):349-355.
Nguyen AD, Boling MC, Levine B, Shultz SJ. Relationships between lower extremity alignment and the quadriceps angle. Clin J Sport Med. 2009;19(3):201-206. doi:10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181a38fb1
Osborne HR, Breidahl WH, Allison GT. Critical differences in lateral X-rays with and without a diagnosis of plantar fasciitis. J Sci Med Sport.2006;9:231-237.
Park SY, Bang HS, Park DJ. Potential for foot dysfunction and plantar fasciitis according to the shape of the foot arch in young adults. J Exerc Rehabil. 2018;14(3):497-502. Published 2018 Jun 30.
Petraglia, F., et al. (2017). "Plantar fasciitis in athletes: diagnostic and treatment strategies. A systematic review." Muscles, ligaments and tendons journal 7(1): 107.
Porter D, Barrill E, Oneacre K, May BD. The effects of duration and frequency of Achilles tendon stretching on dorsiflexion and outcome in painful heel syndrome: a randomized, blinded, control study. Foot Ankle Int. 2002 Jul;23(7):619-24. doi: 10.1177/107110070202300706. PMID: 12146772.
Rathleff, M. S., et al. (2015). “High-load strength training improves outcome in patients with plantar fasciitis: A randomized controlled trial with 12-month follow-up.” Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 25(3): e292-e300.
Ridge S, Bruening D, Jurgensmeier K, et al. A Comparison of Foot Strengthening versus Minimal Footwear Use on Intrinsic Muscle Size and Strength. Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics. July 2018.
Robroy L. Martin, et al. (2014). “Heel Pain—Plantar Fasciitis: Revision 2014.” Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 44(11): A1-A33.
Santos BD, Corrêa LA, Teixeira Santos L, Filho NA, Lemos T, Nogueira LA. Combination of Hip Strengthening and Manipulative Therapy for the Treatment of Plantar Fasciitis: A Case Report. J Chiropr Med. 2016;15(4):310-313.
Schuitema, D., et al. (2019). "Effectiveness of mechanical treatment for plantar fasciitis: a systematic review." Journal of sport rehabilitation 29(5): 657-674.
Sweeting D, Parish B, Hooper L, Chester R. The effectiveness of manual stretching in the treatment of plantar heel pain: a systematic review. J Foot Ankle Res. 2011 Jun 25;4:19. doi: 10.1186/1757-1146-4-19. PMID: 21703003; PMCID: PMC3150253.
Tu, P. (2018). “Heel pain: diagnosis and management.” American family physician 97.

Question 13

Patellofemoral pain

Accepted Answer

Barton, C. J., et al. (2015). "The ‘Best Practice Guide to Conservative Management of Patellofemoral Pain’: incorporating level 1 evidence with expert clinical reasoning." British journal of sports medicine 49(14): 923-934.
Brukner, P., Khan, K., & Brukner, P. (2018). Brukner & Khan's clinical sports medicine. Sydney: McGraw-Hill.
Collins, N. J., et al. (2018). "2018 Consensus statement on exercise therapy and physical interventions (orthoses, taping and manual therapy) to treat patellofemoral pain: recommendations from the 5th International Patellofemoral Pain Research Retreat, Gold Coast, Australia, 2017." Br J Sports Med 52(18): 1170-1178.
Crossley KM. Is patellofemoral osteoarthritis a common sequela of patellofemoral pain? Br J Sports Med. 2014 Mar;48(6):409-10. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093445. PMID: 24569144.
de Oliveira Silva, D., et al. (2020). "Patient education for patellofemoral pain: a systematic review." Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 50(7): 388-396.
Everhart, J. S., et al. (2017). "Treatment options for patellar tendinopathy: a systematic review." Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery 33(4): 861-872.
Lack, S., et al. (2015). "Proximal muscle rehabilitation is effective for patellofemoral pain: a systematic review with meta-analysis." British journal of sports medicine.
Lack, S., et al. (2018). "How to manage patellofemoral pain – Understanding the multifactorial nature and treatment options." Physical Therapy in Sport 32: 155-166.
Neal, B. S., et al. (2019). "Risk factors for patellofemoral pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis." British journal of sports medicine 53(5): 270-281.
1. Neal, B. S. (2019). The influence of lower limb biomechanics on the development, persistence and management of patellofemoral pain in recreational runners, Queen Mary University of London.
Papadopoulos, K., et al. (2015). "A Systematic Review of Reviews in Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome. Exploring the Risk Factors, Diagnostic Tests, Outcome Measurements and Exercise Treatment." The Open Sports Medicine Journal(9): 7-17.
Powers, C. M., et al. (2017). "Evidence-based framework for a pathomechanical model of patellofemoral pain: 2017 patellofemoral pain consensus statement from the 4th International Patellofemoral Pain Research Retreat, Manchester, UK: part 3." British journal of sports medicine 51(24): 1713-1723.
Saltychev, M., et al. (2018). "Effectiveness of conservative treatment for patellofemoral pain syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis." Journal of rehabilitation medicine 50(5): 393-401.
Santos, T. R., et al. (2015). "Effectiveness of hip muscle strengthening in patellofemoral pain syndrome patients: a systematic review." Brazilian journal of physical therapy 19(3): 167-176.
Van der Heijden, R. A., et al. (2015). "Exercise for treating patellofemoral pain syndrome. An abridged version of Cochrane systematic review." Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 52(1): 110-133.
Vora, M., et al. (2017). "Patellofemoral pain syndrome in female athletes: A review of diagnoses, etiology and treatment options." Orthopedic reviews 9(4).
Wallis, J. A., et al. (2021). "A Systematic Review of Clinical Practice Guidelines for Physical Therapist Management of Patellofemoral Pain." Physical Therapy 101(3): pzab021.
Winters, M., et al. (2021). "Comparative effectiveness of treatments for patellofemoral pain: a living systematic review with network meta-analysis." British journal of sports medicine 55(7): 369-377.

Question 14

Quadriceps tendinopathy

Accepted Answer

King, D., et al. (2019). "Quadriceps tendinopathy: a review—part 1: epidemiology and diagnosis." Annals of translational medicine 7(4).
King, D., et al. (2019). "Quadriceps tendinopathy: a review, part 2—classification, prognosis, and treatment." Annals of translational medicine 7(4).
Sprague, A., et al. (2019). "Distinguishing quadriceps tendinopathy and patellar tendinopathy: semantics or significant?" Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 49(9): 627-630.
Kuwabara, Anne, and Michael Fredericson. "Narrative: review of anterior knee pain differential diagnosis (other than patellofemoral pain)." Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine 14.3 (2021): 232-238.
Alfredson, Håkan, Lorenzo Masci, and Christoph Spang. "Is There a Relationship Between Quadriceps Tendinopathy and Suprapatellar Plica? An Observational Case Series." International Medical Case Reports Journal 15 (2022): 81.
Mortada, M. A., L. I. Kotb, and Y. A. Amer. "Impact of ultrasonography detected quadriceps calcific tendinopathy on pain and function in patients with primary knee osteoarthritis." Reumatismo 73.2 (2021): 111-116.
In: Brukner P, Clarsen B, Cook J, Cools A, Crossley K, Hutchinson M, McCrory P, Bahr R, Khan K. eds. Brukner & Khan’s Clinical Sports Medicine: Injuries, Volume 1, 5e. McGraw Hill; 2017. Chapter 36 Anterior knee pain

Question 15

Shin splints (Medial tibial stress syndrome)

Accepted Answer

Alfayez, S. M., et al. (2017). "A review article of medial tibial stress syndrome." Journal of Musculoskeletal Surgery and Research 1(1): 2.
Capt Christopher J. Couture & Kristine A. Karlson (2002) Tibial Stress Injuries, The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 30:6, 29-36, DOI: 10.3810/psm.2002.06.337
Galbraith, R. Michael; Lavallee, Mark E. (7 October 2009). “Medial tibial stress syndrome: conservative treatment options”. Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine. 2 (3): 127–133. doi:10.1007/s12178-009-9055-6. ISSN 1935-973X. PMC 2848339. PMID 19809896.
Hamstra-Wright KL, Bliven KCH, Bay C. Risk factors for medial tibial stress syndrome in physically active individuals such as runners and military personnel: a systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2015;49:362-369.
Kuwabara, A., Dyrek, P., Olson, E.M. et al. Evidence-Based Management of Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome in Runners. Curr Phys Med Rehabil Rep9, 177–185 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40141-021-00326-3
Lohrer H, Malliaropoulos N, Korakakis V, Padhiar N. Exercise-induced leg pain in athletes: diagnostic, assessment, and management strategies. Phys Sportsmed. 2019 Feb;47(1):47-59. doi: 10.1080/00913847.2018.1537861. Epub 2018 Nov 5. PMID: 30345867
Lopes, A.D., Hespanhol, L.C., Yeung, S.S. et al. What are the Main Running-Related Musculoskeletal Injuries?. Sports Med 42, 891–905 (2012).
Menéndez, C., et al. (2020). "Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome in Novice and Recreational Runners: A Systematic Review." International journal of environmental research and public health 17(20): 7457.
Mendez-Rebolledo, G., Figueroa-Ureta, R., Moya-Mura, F., Guzmán-Muñoz, E., Ramirez-Campillo, R., & Lloyd, R. S. (2021). The protective effect of neuromuscular training on the medial tibial stress syndrome in youth female track-and-field athletes: A clinical trial and cohort study. Journal of sport rehabilitation, 30(7), 1019-1027.
Naderi, A., Bagheri, S., Ramazanian Ahoor, F., Moen, M. H., & Degens, H. (2022). Foot orthoses enhance the effectiveness of exercise, shockwave, and ice therapy in the management of medial tibial stress syndrome. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 32(3), e251-e260.
Patel, Deepak S.; Roth, Matt; Kapil, Neha (2011). “Stress fractures: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention” (PDF). American Family Physician. 83 (1): 39–46. PMID 21888126. S2CID 1736230. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 February 2019.
Reinking, M. F., et al. (2017). "Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome in Active Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Risk Factors." Sports health 9(3): 252-261.
Willwacher, S., Kurz, M., Robbin, J., Thelen, M., Hamill, J., Kelly, L., & Mai, P. (2022). Running-Related Biomechanical Risk Factors for Overuse Injuries in Distance Runners: A Systematic Review Considering Injury Specificity and the Potentials for Future Research. Sports Medicine, 1-15.
Winters, K. K., et al. (2014). "Treatment of medial tibial stress syndrome: A critical review." International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training 19(4): 27-31.

Question 16

Technology-enhanced treatment

Accepted Answer

Bäcker, H. C., et al. (2021). "App-based rehabilitation program after total knee arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial." Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery: 1-8.
Bunting, J., et al. (2020). "Digital interventions for promoting exercise adherence in chronic musculoskeletal pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis." Physiotherapy.
Irvine, A. B., et al. (2015). "Mobile-Web app to self-manage low back pain: randomized controlled trial." Journal of medical Internet research 17(1): e1.
Li, I., et al. (2020). "App-based supplemental exercise in rehabilitation, adherence, and effect on outcomes: a randomized controlled trial." Clinical Rehabilitation 34(8): 1083-1093.
Priebe, J. A., et al. (2020). "Digital Treatment of Back Pain versus Standard of Care: The Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial, Rise-uP." Journal of pain research 13: 1823.
Priebe, J. A., et al. (2020). "Less Pain, Better Sleep? The Effect of a Multidisciplinary Back Pain App on Sleep Quality in Individuals Suffering from Back Pain–a Secondary Analysis of App User Data." Journal of pain research 13: 1121.
Toelle, T. R., et al. (2019). "App-based multidisciplinary back pain treatment versus combined physiotherapy plus online education: a randomized controlled trial." NPJ digital medicine 2(1): 1-9.
Türkmen, E., et al. (2020). "Effectiveness of video-based rehabilitation program on pain, functionality, and quality of life in the treatment of rotator cuff tears: A randomized controlled trial." Journal of Hand Therapy 33(3): 288-295.

Question 17

Tendinopathy in general

Accepted Answer

Alexander, Lyndsay, et al. "Exercise therapy for tendinopathy: a scoping review mapping interventions and outcomes." (2021).
Burton, I. and A. McCormack (2021). "The implementation of resistance training principles in exercise interventions for lower limb tendinopathy: A systematic review." Physical Therapy in Sport.
Canosa-Carro, L., Bravo-Aguilar, M., Abuín-Porras, V., Almazán-Polo, J., García-Pérez-de-Sevilla, G., Rodríguez-Costa, I., ... & Romero-Morales, C. (2022). Current understanding of the diagnosis and management of the tendinopathy: An update from the lab to the clinical practice. Disease-a-Month , 68 (10), 101314.
Clifford, C., et al. (2020). "Effectiveness of isometric exercise in the management of tendinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials." BMJ open sport & exercise medicine 6(1): e000760.
Cook, J. L., et al. (2016). "Revisiting the continuum model of tendon pathology: what is its merit in clinical practice and research?" British journal of sports medicine 50(19): 1187-1191.
Cook JL. Ten treatments to avoid in patients with lower limb tendon pain. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2018;52:882.
Cook, Jillianne Leigh, and Craig Purdam. “Is compressive load a factor in the development of tendinopathy?.” Br J Sports Med 46.3 (2012): 163-168.
Dean BJS, Lostis E, Oakley T et al. The risks and benefits of glucocorticoid treatment for tendinopathy: A systematic review of the effects of local glucocorticoid on tendon. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism 2014; 43:570–576.
Docking S, Samiric T, Scase E, Purdam C, Cook J. Relationship between compressive loading and ECM changes in tendons. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J. 2013;3(1):7–11. Published 2013 May 21. doi:10.11138/mltj/2013.3.1.007
Escriche-Escuder, A., Casaña, J., & Cuesta-Vargas, A. I. (2019). Progression criteria in loading exercise programmes in lower limb tendinopathy: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ open, 9(12), e032940.
Gabbett, Tim J. “The training—injury prevention paradox: should athletes be training smarter and harder?.” Br J Sports Med 50.5 (2016): 273-280.
Girgis, B. and J. A. Duarte (2020). "Physical therapy for tendinopathy: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses." Physical Therapy in Sport.
Lempainen, L., et al. (2015). "Expert opinion: diagnosis and treatment of proximal hamstring tendinopathy." Muscles, ligaments and tendons journal 5(1): 23.
Maffulli, N., et al. (2013). "ISMuLT Guidelines for muscle injuries." Muscles, ligaments and tendons journal 3(4): 241.
Martin, J., Perraton, L., Gupta, A., Garofolini, A., & Malliaras, P. (2022). The use of physical function capacity measures in the management of lower limb tendinopathy: A scoping review of expert recommendations. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 25, S18-S19.
Maughan RJ, Burke LM, Dvorak J, et al. IOC consensus statement: dietary supplements and the high-performance athlete. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism 2018;28(2):104-25.
Mc Auliffe, Seán, et al. "ICON 2020—International Scientific Tendinopathy Symposium Consensus: A Scoping Review of Psychological and Psychosocial Constructs and Outcome Measures Reported in Tendinopathy Clinical Trials." Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 52.6 (2022): 375-388.
Nasser, A. M., et al. (2021). "Proximal hamstring tendinopathy; expert physiotherapists’ perspectives on diagnosis, management and prevention." Physical Therapy in Sport 48: 67-75.
Nasser, A. M., et al. (2021). "Proximal Hamstring Tendinopathy: A Systematic Review of Interventions." International journal of sports physical therapy 16(2): 288.
Pringels, L., Cook, J. L., Witvrouw, E., Burssens, A., Bossche, L. V., & Wezenbeek, E. (2022). Exploring the role of intratendinous pressure in the pathogenesis of tendon pathology: a narrative review and conceptual framework. British Journal of Sports Medicine
Scott A, Docking S, Vicenzino B, et alSports and exercise-related tendinopathies: a review of selected topical issues by participants of the second International Scientific Tendinopathy Symposium (ISTS) Vancouver 2012British Journal of Sports Medicine 2013;47:536-544.
Seiler, Stephen, and Espen Tønnessen. “Intervals, thresholds, and long slow distance: the role of intensity and duration in endurance training.” Sportscience 13.13 (2009): 32-53.
Shim, Joanna, et al. "Are patients satisfied? A systematic review and meta-analysis of patient ratings in exercise therapy for the management of tendinopathy." (2022).
Silbernagel, K. G., Vicenzino, B. T., Rathleff, M. S., & Thorborg, K. (2019). Isometric exercise for acute pain relief: is it relevant in tendinopathy management?. British journal of sports medicine, 53(21), 1330-1331.
Swinton, Paul, et al. "24 Empirically derived guidelines for interpreting the effectiveness of exercise therapy for tendinopathies: a meta-analysis." (2022).
Wang, Kaiyong, and Linlin Zhao. "The Influence of Different Modes of Exercise on Healthy and Injured Tendons." Stem Cells International (2022).